V23 Viskovatov Tome Tom Volume Vol 23 Rossiiskikh voisk Russian army uniforms 1825 1855 historical description line arrest penal labor

HISTORICAL DESCRIPTION
OF THE CLOTHING AND
ARMS OF THE RUSSIAN ARMY

VOLUME 23

Engineers, General Staff, Corps of Topographers, Garrison Regiments and Battalions, Line Battalions, Battalions of the Internal Guard; District, Étape, and Salt Invalid Commands; Garrison Artillery, Garrison Engineers; Military-Labor, Arsenal, and Park Companies of the Engineer Administration; Battalions and Companies of the Military Settlements Administration, and Arrest Companies.

1825-1855

A.V. VISKOVATOV

Compiled by HIGHEST direction

Saint Petersburg, Military Typography Office, 1861

[TRANSLATED BY MARK CONRAD, 2006.]

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Changes in the uniform and arms of the army from 20 November, 1825, to 18 February, 1855:

CONTENTS

[Introduction]

List of Illustrations

XVII. Engineers: Field, Marine Construction Section, Military Settlements, and in Engineer Commands.

XVIII. General Staff.

XIX. Corps of Topographers.

XX. Garrison Regiments and Battalions.

XXI. Line Battalions.

XXII. Battalions of the Internal Guard.

XXIII. District Invalid Commands.

XXIV. Étape Invalid Commands.

XXV. Salt Invalid Commands.

XXVI. Mobile Invalid Companies.

XXVII. Garrison Artillery.

XXVIII. Garrison Engineers.

XXIX. Military-Labor Companies of the Engineer Administration and Marine Construction Section.

XXX. Arsenal Companies of the Engineer Administration.

XXXI. Park Half-Companies of the Engineer Administration.

XXXII. Military-Labor Battalions and Companies of the Military Settlements Administration.

XXXIII. Penal Companies of the Engineer Administration.

Source notes.

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ALEKSANDR VASILEVICH VISKOVATOV (pronounced vi-sko-VA-tof), born April 22nd (May 4th New Style) 1804, died February 27th (March 11th) 1858 in St. Petersburg, Russian military historian. He graduated from the 1st Cadet Corps and served in the artillery, the hydrographic depot of the Naval Ministry, and then in the Department of Military Educational Establishments. He mainly studied historical artifacts and the histories of military units. Viskovatov’s greatest work was the Historical Description of the Clothing and Arms of the Russian Army (Vols. 1-30, St. Petersburg, 1841-62; 2nd ed. Vols. 1-34, St. Petersburg-Novibirsk-Leningrad, 1899-1948). This work is based on a great quantity of archival documents and contains four thousand colored illustrations. Viskovatov was the author of Chronicles of the Russian Armv (Books 1-20, St. Petersburg, 1834-42) and Chronicles of the Russian Imperial Army (Parts 1-7, St. Petersburg, 1852). He collected valuable material on the history of the Russian navy which went into A Short Overview of Russian Naval Campaigns and General Voyages to the End of the XVII Century (St. Petersburg, 1864; 2nd edition Moscow, 1946). Together with A. I. Mikhailovskii-Danilevskii he helped prepare and create the Military Gallery in the Winter Palace. He wrote the historical military inscriptions for the walls of the Hall of St. George in the Great Palace of the Kremlin. [Source: Biographical article in The Soviet Military Encyclopedia.]

Translator’s note: These are full and complete translations of Viskovatov’s greatest work and as such follow the original style and organization. I used microfilm made from original volumes held by the New York Public Library, the Anne S. K. Brown Collection of Brown University, and the Library of Congress. All these have monochrome plates. Underneath each plate are the words “Imp Lemercier Paris” and sometimes the name of the artist for that particular illustration. I have no reason to think that Viskovatov himself created any of the individual plates or was in any way an artist. Indeed, variations in style and the ways of depicting finer details like lace and insignia are explained by the fact that at least half a dozen illustrators worked on this project. The original appearance of the illustrations can be judged from examples in the Osprey Men-at-Arms series, or from several sources on the Internet, including the New York Public Library’s Vinkhuijzen Collection, this last source’s plates being colored.

[Return to Contents]

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

[Return to Contents]

472. Company-grade Officer of Field Engineers and Conductor. 1826 and 1827.

473. Company-grade Officer of Field Engineers. 1826 and 1827.

474. Conductor and Field-grade Officer of Field Engineers. 1827 and 1828.

475. Engineer Conductor and Company-grade Officer of the Marine Construction Section. 1827 and 1828.

476. Engineer Conductor and Conductor of the Marine Construction Section. 1828 and 1829.

477. Engineer Conductor. 1829-1833.

478. Engineer Conductor and Conductor of the Marine Construction Section. 1829-1833.

479. General and Field-grade Officer. Corps of Engineers of the Military Settlements. 1831-1846.

480. Conductor. Corps of Engineers of the Military Settlements. 1831-1843.

481. Engineer Conductor. 1833-1843.

482. Engineer Conductor of the Marine Construction Section. 1833-1843.

483. Engineer Conductor. 1834-1843.

484. Conductor. Corps of Engineers of the Military Settlements. 1843 and 1844.

485. Field-Engineer Company-grade Officer and Company-grade Officers of the Marine Construction Section. 1844-1855.

486. Conductors: Engineers, Military Settlements, and Marine Construction Section. 1844-1849.

487. Field-Engineer Company-grade Officers. 1846-1849.

488. Field-grade Officer. Corps of Engineers of the Military Settlements. 1846-1849.

489. General. Engineers of the Marine Construction Section. 1846-1849.

490. Company-grade Officer. Engineers of the Marine Construction Section. 1849-1855.

491. Company-grade Officers. Field Engineer and Engineer of the the Military Settlements, in the Separate Caucasus Corps. 1850-1855.

492. Company-grade Officers. Field Engineer and Engineer of the Military Settlements, in the Separate Caucasus Corps. 1850-1855.

493. Company-grade Officer. General Staff. 1826-1844.

494. Field-grade Officer. General Staff. 1826-1844.

495. Company-grade Officer. General Staff. 1844-1855.

496. Generals. General Staff. 1844-1849.

497. Field-grade Officer. General Staff. 1845-1849.

498. Company-grade Officer. Corps of Topographers. 1826-1844.

499. Field-grade Officer. Corps of Topographers. 1826-1844.

500. Topographer. Corps of Topographers. 1828-1843.

501. Company-grade Officer. Commander of Topographer Company. 1835-1843. [Note: In the printed volume, this plate erroneously anticipates the title of Plate 535: “Company-grade Officer. Internal Garrison Battalions. 1829-1833.” - M.C.]

502. Company-grade Officers. Corps of Topographers and Commander of Topographer Company. 1843 and 1844.

503. Topographer. 1843 and 1844.

504. Field-grade Officer. Corps of Topographers. 1844-1855.

505. Topographers. 1844.

506. Company-grade Officer. Corps of Topographer. 1844-1849.

507. Topographer. 1844-1849.

508. Company-grade Officer. Commander of Topographer Company. 1845-1849.

509. Company-grade Officer. Corps of Topographers in the Separate Caucasus Corps. 1850-1855.

510. Private and Drummer. Garrison Regiments and Battalions. 1826-1828.

511. Non-commissioned Officer and Company-grade Officer. Garrison Regiments and Battalions. 1826-1828.

512. Non-commissioned Officer and Private. Garrison Regiments and Battalions. 1826-1829.

513. Private. Garrison Regiments and Battalions. 1828 and 1829.

514. Company-grade Officer. Garrison Regiments and Battalions. 1828 and 1829.

515. Company-grade Officer and Private. Siberian Line Battalions. 1829.

516. Private. Caucasus Line Battalions. 1829.

517. Non-commissioned Officer and Company-grade Officer. Caucasus Line Battalions. 1829-1833. (Note: In 1830 officers’ rapiers were replaced by half-sabers.)

518. Company-grade officer. Line Battalions. 1830-1843.

519. Private and Non-commissioned Officer. Orenburg Line Battalions N^oN^o 2 and 3. 1830-1833.

520. Company-grade Officer and Non-commissioned Officer. Siberian Line Battalions. 1833-1843.

521. Drummer and Company-grade Officer. Orenburg Line Battalions. 1833-1843.

522. Private. Siberian Line Battalions. 1834-1843.

523. Company-grade Officer. Finland Line Battalions. 1836-1843.

524. Privates. Line Battalions of the Separate Caucasus Corps. 1842-1848.

525. Field-grade Officers. Line Battalions of the Separate Caucasus Corps. 1842-1848.

526. Non-commissioned Officer and Company-grade Officer. Orenburg Line Battalions. 1843 and 1844.

527. Company-grade Officer and Drummer. Finland Line Battalions. 1844.

528. Field-grade Officer. Line Battalions. 1845-1855.

529. Privates. Georgia and Black-Sea Line Battalions. 1848-1855.

530. Company-grade Officer. Caucasus Line Battalions. 1848-1855.

531. Non-commissioned Officer and Private. Internal Garrison Battalions. 1826-1828.

532. Company-grade Officer. Internal Garrison Battalions. 1826-1828.

533. Company-grade Officer and Private. Internal Garrison Battalions. 1828 and 1829.

534. Private and Non-commissioned Officer. Internal Garrison Battalions. 1829-1833.

535. Company-grade Officer. Internal Garrison Battalions.1829-1833.

536. Drummer and Company-grade Officer. Internal Garrison Battalions. 1833-1843.

537. Non-commissioned Officer. Internal Garrision Battalions. 1834-1843.

538. Company-grade Officer and Private. Internal Garrison Battalions. 1844.

539. Non-commissioned Officer. St.-Petersburg Internal Garrison Battalion. 1846-1849.

540. Private. District Invalid Commands. 1826-1828.

541. Company-grade Officer. District Invalid Commands. 1826-1828.

542. Non-commissioned Officer. District Invalid Commands. 1826-1828.

543. Private. District Invalid Commands. 1828 and 1829.

544. Company-grade Officer. District Invalid Commands in the Separate Caucasus Corps. 1829.

545. Company-grade Officer and Private. District Invalid Commands. 1829-1833. (Note: in 1830 officers’ rapiers were replaced by half-sabers.)

546. Private. District Invalid Commands. 1833-1843.

547. Company-grade Officer and Private. District Invalid Commands. 1844.

548. Private. District Invalid Commands in the Separate Caucasus Corps. 1848-1855.

549. Company-grade Officer. District Invalid Commands in the Separate Caucasus Corps. 1848-1855.

550. Private. Horse-Étape Commands. 1837-1844.

551. Company-grade Officer. Horse-Étape Commands. 1837-1844.

552. Company-grade Officer. Horse-Étape Commands. 1845-1849.

553. Private. Mobile Invalid Companies. 1826-1828.

554. Company-grade Officer. Mobile Invalid Companies. 1826-1828.

555. Private. Mobile Invalid Companies. 1829-1855.

556. Cannoneer and Company-grade Officer. Garrison Artillery Companies. 1826-1828.

557. Fireworker. Garrison Artillery Companies. 1826-1828.

558. Fireworker. St.-Petersburg Arsenal. 1826-1828.

559. Master Craftsman. St.-Petersburg Arsenal. 1826-1855.

560. Fireworker. Laboratory Companies. 1826-1828.

561. Non-commissioned Officer. Okhtensk Powder Works. 1826-1828.

562. Private. Non-Settled Labor Companies of the Okhtensk Powder Works. 1826-1828.

563. Train Non-commissioned Officer and Soldier [Furshtatskii unter-ofitser i furleit]. Okhtensk Powder Works. 1826-1855.

564. Company-grade Officer and Cannoneer. Garrison Artillery Companies. 1828-1833.

565.Fireworkers. St.-Petersburg Arsenal and Laboratory Companies. 1828-1833.

566. Company-grade Officer and Fireworker. Garrison Artillery Companies in the Caucasus and Georgia Districts. 1829-1833.

567. Officers’ buttons for the Garrison Artillery, confirmed in March 1830.

568. Cannoneer. Garrison Artillery Companies. 1833-1843.

569. Company-grade Officer. Garrison Artillery Companies. 1833.

570. Company-grade Officer. Garrison Artillery Companies. 1833-1843.

571. Cannoneer. Garrison Artillery Companies. 1834-1843.

572. Company-grade Officer. Garrison Artillery Companies. Fireworker. St.-Petersburg Arsenal. 1843 and 1844.

573. Company-grade Officers. Garrison Artillery Companies. 1844-1855.

574. Company-grade Officer and Cannoneer. Garrison Artillery Companies. 1844 and 1845.

575. Field-grade Officer. St.-Petersburg Arsenal. Fireworker. Okhtensk Powder Works. 1844 and 1845.

576. Company-grade Officer. Garrison Artillery Companies. 1845-1849.

577. Drummer. Garrison Artillery Companies. 1846-1849.

578. Field-grade Officer. Garrison Artillery Branch. 1847-1849.

579. Cannoneer. Garrison Artillery Companies in the Separate Caucasus Corps. 1848-1855.

580. Company-grade Officer. Garrison Artillery Branch. 1849-1855.

581. Company-grade Officer. Garrison Engineers. 1826-1846.

582. Company-grade Officer. Garrison Engineers. 1826-1846.

583. Company-grade Officer. Garrison Engineers. 1846-1849.

584. Company-grade Officer. Garrison Engineers. 1849-1855.

585. Company-grade Officer. Garrison Engineers in the Separate Caucasus Corps. 1850-1855.

586. Private and Company-grade Officer. Military-Labor Companies of the Engineer Administration. 1826-1828.

587. Non-commissioned Officer and Company-grade Officer. Military-Labor Companies of the Marine Construction Section. 1828-1835.

588. Company-grade Officer. Military-Labor Companies of the Engineer Administration. 1828-1833.

589. Drummer. Military-Labor Companies in the Georgia Engineer District. 1829-1833.

590. Private. Military-Labor Companies of the Marine Construction Section. 1833-1843.

591. Company-grade Officer. Military-Labor Companies of the Engineer Administration. 1835-1843.

592. Non-commissioned Officer, Private, and Drummer. Military-Labor Companies of the Engineer Administration. 1843 and 1844.

593. Company-grade Officers. Military-Labor Companies of the Engineer Administration and Marine Construction Section. 1844 and 1845.

594. Non-commissioned Officer. Military-Labor Companies of the Engineer Administration. 1844-1849.

595. Company-grade Officers. Military-Labor Companies of the Engineer Administration. 1845-1855.

596. Company-grade Officer. Arsenal Companies of the Engineer Administration. 1832 and 1833.

597. Company-grade Officer and Drummer. Military-Labor Battalions. 1826-1828.

598. Private. Military-Labor Battalions. 1828-1833.

599. Non-commissioned Officer. Caucasus Military-Labor Battalion. 1832 and 1833.

600. Private and Drummer. Military-Labor Battalions and Military-Labor Companies of the Military Settlements Administration. 1844-1849.

601. Company-grade Officer. Military-Labor Battalions and Military-Labor Companies of the Military Settlements Administration. 1845-1849.

602. Field-grade Officer. Military-Labor Battalions and Military-Labor Companies of the Military Settlements Administration. 1849-1855.

603. Non-commissioned Officer and Company-grade Officer. Penal Companies of the Engineer Administration. 1844-1849.

604. Convicts of the 1st Grade (Definite Sentences). Since 1830.

605. Convicts of the 2nd Grade (Vagrants). Since 1830.

606. Convicts of the 3rd Grade (Life Sentences). Since 1830.

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Chapter XVII.

Engineers: Field, Marine Construction Section, Military Settlements, and Engineer Commands

[U Inzhenerov: Polevykh, Morskoi Stroitel'noi chasti, Voennykh Poselenii i v Inzhenernykh komandakh]. [Return to Contents]

11 February 1826 - Field-engineer officers, in place of their previous dark-green pants with high boots and grey riding-trousers with stripes are given long dark-green pants with red piping on the side seams. Conductors [konduktory, i.e. officer candidates in training, holding non-commissioned officer status and distinctions - M.C.], instead of pants with knee gaiters [kragi], are ordered to have the same long pants as for officers and black half-gaiters [polushtiblety] with tin buttons, while the horizontal belt for the knapsack is to be fitted so that it is between the two lower buttons of the coat (Illus. 472) ⁽¹⁾.

26 July 1826 - Officers, during the summer, when officers in troop units are in summer pants with gaiters, are ordered to likewise wear summer pants, of the pattern established on 11 February for dark-green pants (Illus. 473) ⁽²⁾.

18 August 1826 - Officers, when performing inspections on work outside the capitals, are ordered to be in half-uniform [poluforma], i.e. in frock coat [syurtuk] with epaulettes, without a sword, and wearing the forage cap ⁽³⁾.

15 September 1826 - Conductors [konduktory] who have served out the regulation number of years for promotion to officer rank but decline it are ordered to wear a gold galloon chevron [nashivka iz zolotnago galuna] on the left sleeve above and in addition to the yellow tape chevron [nashivka iz zheltago basona] prescribed on 29 March 1825 ⁽⁴⁾.

1 January 1827 - Officers’ epaulettes are to have little forged or stamped stars [kovannyya zvezdochki] as rank distinctions, of the same form and according to the same scheme as described above for Army Infantry and Cavalry ⁽⁵⁾.

27 February 1827 - Officers and conductors, instead of dark-green cuff flaps with red piping, are to have them completely red (Illus. 474) ⁽⁶⁾.

13 May 1827 - Engineer officers and conductors of the Marine Construction Section are to be distinguished from Field Engineer officers and conductors by white cloth piping on the coat’s cuff flaps and around the upper edge of the forage cap (Illus. 475) ⁽⁷⁾.

14 December 1827 - The chevrons established on 15 September 1826 for the left sleeves of conductors are ordered to be silver, of the same pattern as the galloon on the collar and cuffs of the coat ⁽⁸⁾.

24 March 1828 - The coats of conductors are not to be tailored with cinches [peretyazhki] ⁽⁹⁾.

24 April 1828 - The following changes were made in articles of uniform and accouterments of conductors in Field as well as Marine Construction units:

1) A new model shako [kiver] is introduced, identical to that intruduced at this time for non -commissioned officers in the Army Infantry, but with a red pompon and, as before, with a single-flame grenade (Illus. 476.)

2) The sword-belt [portupeya] is prescribed to be 2 vershoks [3 1/2 inches ] wide; the shoulder belts for the knapsack [rantsevye plechevye remni] — 1 1/2 vershoks [2 5/8 inches]; and the belt across the chest [nagrudnyi remen] — 1 1/8 vershoks [2 inches].

3) Knapsacks [rantsy] are to be of calfskin [telyachaya kozha] as before but with the addition of black leather trim (Illus. 476). ⁽¹⁰⁾.

18 May 1829 - Engineer conductors who have been recommended by higher command for promotion to officer rank by virtue of years of service are permitted to have silver sword knots [serebryanye temlyaki] ⁽¹¹⁾.

10 August 1829 - Conductors in the Georgia Engineer District [Gruzinskii Inzhenernyi Okrug] are ordered wear sheepskin headdresses [ovchinnyya shapki] in place of the shako [kiver], of the pattern introduced at this time for Infantry regiments of the Caucasus Corps ⁽¹²⁾.

29 November 1829 - Conductors are ordered to have the same sword knots as in Sapper and Pioneer battalions (lllus. 477) ⁽¹³⁾.

16 December 1829 - The black cuffs of officers’ frock coats for both Field Engineers as well as Engineers in the Marine Construction Section are changed to dark green as before, with red piping ⁽¹⁴⁾.

24 December 1829 - Field Engineer conductors are ordered to have shako plates of the same pattern as for Grenadier Sapper battalions, i.e. on a shield—two crossed axes and a single-flame grenade. Conductors of the Marine Construction Section are prescribed the same plates but with just the grenade and without the axes (Illus. 478) ⁽¹⁵⁾.

26 December 1829 - All Engineer officers and conductors are directed to have the buttons on their coats, frock coats, and greatcoats made with the raised image of a single-flame grenade ⁽¹⁶⁾.

4 April 1831 - Officers and conductors of the newly established Corps of Engineers for Military Settlements are prescribed the same uniforms as for Field Engineers, except that cuff flaps on the coat are ordered to be not red, but light green with red piping (Illus. 479 and 480), and the shako badge is to be a single-flame grenade without axes ⁽¹⁷⁾.

8 June 1832 - Officers are permitted to wear moustaches ⁽¹⁸⁾.

3 January 1833 - Cloth half-gaiters [polushtiblety] and sword knots are abolished for conductors (Illus. 481). The latter are to be worn only by those conductors who, based on the above directive of 18 May 1829, have them in silver ⁽¹⁹⁾.

20 February 1833 - Conductors are given new pattern summer pants [pantalony] or breeches [bryuki], without buttons or integral spats [kozyrki] (Illus. 482) ⁽²⁰⁾.

28 March 1834 - A new pattern short sword [tesak] is confirmed by HIGHEST AUTHORITY, with yellow brass fittings and a straight blade, identical to that introduced at this time for Army Foot Artillery and Sapper battalions ⁽²¹⁾.

26 September 1834 - Conductors are directed to wear the knapsack on two belts lying crosswise over the chest (Illus. 483) ⁽²²⁾.

31 January 1836 - Conductors’ greatcoats [shineli] are to have nine buttons instead of ten: six along the front opening, two on the shoulder straps, and one on the flap behind ⁽²³⁾.

27 April 1836 - Pompons are to be lined with black leather ⁽²⁴⁾.

15 July 1837 - A new pattern of sash [sharf] is confirmed, identical to that introduced at this time for regiments of Army Infantry and Cavalry and described above ⁽²⁵⁾.

17 December 1837 - A new pattern for officers’ epaulettes is confirmed, identical to that introduced at this time for regiments of Army Infantry and Cavalry, i.e. with the addition of a fourth twist of braid ⁽²⁶⁾.

4 January 1839 - Officers are not to have any bows or bands [banty] on the front of their pants or trousers. These are to be worn completely smooth in the manner prescribed for lower ranks ⁽²⁷⁾.

16 March 1839 - Conductors’ sword-belts [portupei] are to be 1 1/2 vershoks [2 5/8 inches] wide ⁽²⁸⁾.

16 October 1840 - Conductors who have declined promotion to officer rank and are receiving two-thirds of an ensign’s pay are given silver galloon chevrons [shevrony ili nashivki, iz serebryanago galuna] on the left sleeve of the coat, and adding one more such chevron for every five additional years of service ⁽²⁹⁾.

23 January 1841 - The capes [bolshie vorotniki] of officers’ greatcoats are to be 1 arshin [28 inches] long as measured from the lower edge of the collar [malyi vorotnik] ⁽³⁰⁾.

8 April 1843 - Conductors are given a new model shako [kiver], 4 3/4 vershoks [8 1/3 inches] high and curving slightly inward toward the bottom, as prescribed at this same time for Army Infantry troops (Illus. 484) ⁽³¹⁾.

2 June 1843 - The shako plate is ordered to be fitted so that its lower edge lies at a point halfway across the width of the lacquered shako strap ⁽³²⁾.

2 January 1844 - Officers are to have a cockade [kokarda] on the band of their forage caps, identical to that introduced at this time in regiments of Army Infantry and Cavalry, and described above (Illus. 485) ⁽³³⁾.

8 May 1844 - Conductors’ shakos [kivera] be replaced by helmets [kaski], of the same pattern as established at this time for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Sapper Battalions, i.e. without a plume. The plate on these helmets remains the same as they were on the shakos. (Illus. 486) ⁽³⁴⁾.

2 February 1846 - Company and field-grade Field Engineer officers are to have helmets in place of hats, with a plate as for the Grenadier Sapper Battalion and with a white plume instead of black (Illus. 487). Company and field-grade officers of the Corps of Engineers for Military Settlements and the Marine Construction Section are prescribed the same helmets but with a grenadier-pattern plate (Illus. 488), while generals of all three administrations are to have a plate of the pattern for Army Infantry regiments with a gilt crown in the plate’s shield (Illus. 489) ⁽³⁵⁾.

9 January 1848 - On those days when they are obliged to remain in ceremonial dress [prazdnichnaya forma] after the mounting of the guard [posle razvoda], generals and field and company-grade officers are permitted to wear the frock coat with helmet and plume for walking-out ⁽³⁶⁾.

24 November 1848, 25 November 1849 - Engineer commands of the Separate Caucasus Corps are prescribed the uniforms and equipment laid down on 8 August, 23 September, 31 October, and 24 November 1848, and 25 November 1849, as describe above in detail for Grenadier regiments ⁽³⁷⁾.

13 October 1849- Generals (when in engineer uniform) and field and company-grade officers, instead of rapiers [shpagi], are ordered to wear infantry half-sabers [pekhotnyya polusabli] (Illus. 490) ⁽³⁸⁾.

15 February 1850 - Engineer generals and field and company-grade officers of the Separate Caucasus Corps, both Field Engineers and Engineers for Military Settlements, are prescribed the same uniforms and armament as ordered for this corps’ troops on 8 August 1848 and described above in detail for Grenadier regiments, but with the appropriate differences in colors and trim and also the following alterations:

a.) The top of the headdress has silver galloon with two narrow stripes down the center in the same color as the collar .

b.) On the parade half-caftan the collar, cuffs, and cuff flaps are as they were on the former coat; piping on the collar, cuffs, down the front of the half-caftan to the bottom of the skirt, and on the pocket flaps, is of red cloth (Illus. 491).

c.) The vice-half-caftan is similar to the half-caftan except that there are no button loops on the collar nor flaps on the cuffs, and only piped cuffs are prescribed: red piping for Field Engineers, light green for Engineers of Military Settlements (Illus. 492) ⁽³⁹⁾.

10 January 1852 - In Engineer commands, knapsacks with straps, water flasks, and greatcoat cases with straps are abolished ⁽⁴¹⁾.

29 April 1854 - Generals and field and company-grade officers are to have, in wartime, campaign greatcoats [pokhodnyya shineli] of the same color and pattern as the lower ranks’ greatcoats, as described above for Grenadier regiments, and applying the same guidelines ⁽⁴⁰⁾.

Chapter XVIII.

General Staff [General'nyi Shtab].
[Return to Contents]

11 February 1826 - For officers of HIS IMPERIAL MAJESTY’S Suite for Quartermaster Affairs [Svita EGO IMPERATORSKAGO VELICHESTAVA po Kvartirmeisterskoi chasti], their former pants with high boots and riding trousers with wide stripes are replaced by long dark-green pants with red piping down the side seams (Illus. 493) ⁽⁴²⁾.

26 July 1826 - For officers of HIS IMPERIAL MAJESTY’S Suite for Quartermaster Affairs, in summertime when officers in troop units are in summer pants with gaiters, it is ordered that they likewise wear summer pants, of the style established on 11 February for dark-green ones (Illus. 494) ⁽⁴³⁾.

18 August 1826 - Officers, when on survey work outside the capitals, are ordered to be in half-uniform [poluforma], which is to say in frock coat [syurtuk] with epaulettes, without a sword, and wearing the forage cap ⁽⁴⁴⁾.

1 January 1827 - Officers’ epaulettes are to have little forged and stamped stars as rank distinctions in the same form and scheme as described above for Army Infantry and Cavalry ⁽⁴⁵⁾.

26 December 1829 - Officers of the General Staff are directed to have the buttons on their coats, frock coats, and greatcoats made with the raised image of a single-flame grenade ⁽⁴⁶⁾.

4 October 1830 - Officers (guards and army) who have completed studies in the Military Academy and are attached [prichislennyi] to the General Staff are, while they are with the Staff, ordered to wear when performing duties an aiguilette [aksel'bant] on their regimental coats and frock coats, of the same color as the buttons ⁽⁴⁷⁾.

February 1831 - Officers of the General Staff are permitted to wear while on campaign the half-sabers instroduced on 20 August 1830 for officers of Army Infantry and described above in detail for Grenadier regiments ⁽⁴⁸⁾.

9 May 1831 - Officers of the General Staff in the 6th Infantry Corps (previously the Separate Lithuania Corps) are ordered to have the same uniform as other officers of the General Staff, i.e. with red piping and cuff flaps instead of raspberry ⁽⁴⁹⁾.

8 June 1832 - Officers are permitted to wear moustaches ⁽⁵⁰⁾.

15 July 1837 - Approval is given to the new pattern of officers’ sash, identical to that introduced at this time for regiments of Army Infantry and Cavalry and described above ⁽⁵¹⁾.

17 December 1837 - Approval is given to a new pattern of officers’ epaulettes, identical to those introduced at this time for regiments of Army Infantry and Cavalry, i.e. with the addition of a fourth twist of braid ⁽⁵²⁾.

4 January 1839 - There are not to be any bows or bands on the fronts of pants or trousers. These are to be worn completely plain in the manner prescribed for lower ranks ⁽⁵³⁾.

23 January 1841- The capes [bolshie vorotniki] of officers’ greatcoats are to be 1 arshin [28 inches] long as measured from the lower edge of the collar [malyi vorotnik] ⁽⁵⁴⁾.

2 January 1844 - Officers are to have a cockade on their forage cap, identical to that introduced at this time for regiments of Army Infantry and Cavalry and described above (Illus. 495) ⁽⁵⁵⁾.

7 December 1844 - When not on duty, generals who are wearing the uniform coat prescribed for the General Staff, are to have a white plume [sultan] on the hat [shlyapa] instead of a black one, and while on duty they are to wear a helmet similar to that introduced on 9 May of this year for Grenadier regiments, but with silver mountings and a white plume (Illus. 496). The same helmet is prescribed for field and company-grade officers, upon which their hats are discontinued ⁽⁵⁶⁾.

4 January 1845 - Officers’ helmets are to have, on the right side under the chin-scales, a cockade, as described above for Grenadier and other regiments of Army Infantry (Illus. 497) ⁽⁵⁸⁾.

14 September 1849 - The percussion pistol model for officers is confirmed as described above for Grenadier regiments ⁽⁵⁹⁾.

13 October 1849 - Generals (when in the uniform of the General Staff) and field and company-grade officers are ordered to have infantry half-sabers instead of rapiers ⁽⁶⁰⁾.

15 February 1851 - Generals and field and company-grade officers in the Separate Caucasus Corps are prescribed the same uniforms and armaments as troops of this corps were ordered to have on 8 August 1848 and described above in detail for Grenadier regiments, but with appropriate distinctions in colors and trim, and also the following differences:

a.) The top of the headdress has silver galloon with two narrow stripes down the center in the same color as the collar .

c.) The vice-half-caftan is similar to the half-caftan except that no embroidery is authorized on the collar and cuff flaps, only cuffs of dark-green cloth with red piping ⁽⁶¹⁾.

18 February 1854 - The regulation laid down on 15 November 1853 for packing light-cavalry saddlery and described above in the section for Army Cuirassier regiments is extended to the General Staff ⁽⁶²⁾.

29 April 1854 - Generals and field and company-grade officers of the General Staff are to have campaign greatcoats in wartime, of the same pattern as established at this time for Army and Guards troops, and in accordance with the guidance set forth above for Grenadier and Army Cuirassier regiments, but with black velvet collars and shoulder straps, piped red ⁽⁶³⁾.

Chapter XIX.

Corps of Topographers [Korpus Topografov].
[Return to Contents]

11 February 1826 - In place of their previous pants with high boots and riding-trousers with stripes officers are given long dark-green pants with light-green piping on the side seams. (Illus. 498) ⁽⁶⁴⁾.

26 July 1826 - Officers of the Corps of Topographers, during the summer, when officers in troop units are in summer pants with gaiters, are ordered to likewise wear summer pants, of the pattern established on 11 February for dark-green pants (Illus. 499) ⁽⁶⁵⁾.

18 August 1826 - Officers, when performing survey work outside the capitals, are ordered to be in half-uniform [poluforma], i.e. in frock coat [syurtuk] with epaulettes, without a sword, and wearing the forage cap ⁽⁶⁶⁾.

24 April 1828 - Topographers are given new shakos, identical to those prescribed at this time for non-commmissioned officers in the infantry, but with white fittings and a red pompon, and with a single-flame grenade on the shield of the shako plate (Illus. 500). ⁽⁶⁸⁾.

18 May 1829 - Topographers who have been recommended by higher command for promotion to officer rank by virtue of years of service are permitted to wear silver sword knots [serebryanye temlyaki] ⁽⁶⁹⁾.

26 December 1829 - Officers and topographers are ordered to have the buttons on their coats, frock coats, and greatcoats made with the raised image of a single-flame grenade ⁽⁷⁰⁾.

4 April 1830 - Topographers are ordered to have wide stripes [lampasy] only on chakchiry [hussar style breeches - M.C.] and dark-green pants, while on the grey riding trousers prescribed for while on campaign, there is to be only a single line of piping ⁽⁷¹⁾.

12 April 1832 - Commanders of topographer companies are ordered to wear the uniform prescribed for officers of the Corps of Topographers ⁽⁷²⁾.

19 May 1832 - Commanders of topographer companies are prescribed the standard army uniform [obshchii armeiskii mundir] ⁽⁷³⁾.

8 June 1832 - Officers are permitted to wear moustaches ⁽⁷⁴⁾.

27 January 1835 - Commanders of topographer companies, instead of the standard army uniform currently worn, are ordered to have a uniform similar to that prescribed for officers of the Corps of Topographers, but without embroidery or aiguilette, and with cross-straps for the epaulettes of black cloth and not velvet. Buttons for the Military Topographical Depot’s company [rota Voenno-Topograficheskii Depo] are to have a single-flame grenade, while buttons in other companies are to have the number assigned to the company, with this also being applied to lower ranks. The commander of the Military Topographical Depot’s company is authorized the shako and hat, but commanders of other companies have only the shako, with the same plate as for lower ranks, i.e. with a grenade on the shield. All are prescribed officers’ infantry-pattern half-sabers and boots without spurs (Illus. 501) ⁽⁷⁵⁾.

27 April 1836 - Topographers’ shako pompons are to be lined with black leather ⁽⁷⁶⁾.

15 July 1837 - A new pattern of officers’ sash [sharf] is confirmed, identical to that introduced at this time for regiments of Army Infantry and Cavalry and described above ⁽⁷⁷⁾.

17 December 1837 - A new pattern for officers’ epaulettes is confirmed, identical to that introduced at this time for regiments of Army Infantry and Cavalry, i.e. with the addition of a fourth twist of braid ⁽⁷⁸⁾.

16 October 1840 - Topographers who have declined promotion to officer rank and are receiving two-thirds of an ensign’s pay are given silver galloon chevrons on the left sleeve of the coat, adding one more such chevron for every five additional years of service ⁽⁸⁰⁾.

23 January 1841 - The capes [bolshie vorotniki] of officers’ greatcoats are to be 1 arshin [28 inches] long as measured from the lower edge of the collar [malyi vorotnik] ⁽⁸⁰⁾.

8 April 1843 - Officers of the Corps of Topographers who in their work are required to be mounted are directed to have a mouthpiece [mundshtuk], saddle, and shabrack like those prescribed for General-Staff officers, with the only difference being blue [svetlosinnii] piping instead of red on the shabrack and pistol holster covers, following the color of the coat piping (Illus. 502). On this same date company commanders and topographers are given a new model shako [kiver], 4 3/4 vershoks [8 1/3 inches] high and curving slightly inward toward the bottom, as prescribed at this same time for Army Infantry troops (Illus. 502 and 503) ⁽⁸²⁾.

2 June 1843 - The shako plate is ordered to be fitted so that its lower edge lies at a point halfway across the width of the lacquered shako strap ⁽⁸³⁾.

3 March 1844 - Topographers are ordered to have:

1.) Pouch [lyadunka] with a brass three-flame grenade, in the center of which are the Cyrillic letters G. Sh. for the Military Topographical Depot’s company, and for other companies—the corresponding number (Illus. 505).

2.) In place the previous pattern saber, the new-pattern dragoon saber, but without the bayonet scabbard.

3.) A crossbelt over the coat, for the pouch—and

4.) Over the waistbelt, to cover it, a cloth girdle [kushak] of the pattern for lancers, of two dark-green stripes and one blue [svetlosinii] stripe, with blue piping along the edges.

Items to be placed in the pouch are the following: hand-held surveying compass [ruchnaya busol'] with sighting tube; hand-held plane-table [menzula], with handle and dioptric ruler [dioptrennaya lineika], and accompanied by a brass scale [masshtab] with protractor [transportir]; small box containing: 6 paints, a piece of solid ink [tush'], saucer, two brushes, and a screwdriver for a drawing compass [tsirkul']; leather case containing: drawing compass, drawing pen [reisfeder], pen knife, two pencils, handle for the brushes, and a piece of gum elastic [gumielastik]; two wooden drawing squares [ugol'niki], wooden ruler, and several sheets of paper for the plane-table ⁽⁸⁵⁾.

11 October 1844 - Topographers are ordered to have plumes on their helmets, as well as saddlecloths [val'trapy] of the pattern for Dragoons ⁽⁸⁶⁾.

7 December 1844 - When not on duty, generals who are wearing the uniform coat prescribed for the Corps of Topographers, are to have a white plume [sultan] on the hat [shlyapa] instead of a black one, and while on duty they are to wear a helmet similar to that introduced at this time for the General Staff. The same helmet is given to field and company-grade officers of the Corps of Topographers (Illus. 506) as well as to topographers, but the latter have a black hair plume instead of white (Illus. 507). Furthermore, hats are discontinued for all field and company-grade officers ⁽⁸⁷⁾.

4 January 1845 - The helmets of generals and field and company-grade officers are to have, on the right side, a cockade, as described above for the General Staff at this time ⁽⁸⁸⁾.

18 January 1845 - Commanders of topographer companies and all officers wearing the uniform of the Corps of Topographers are prescribed helmets with a white hair plume, following the pattern of the helmets introduced on 7 December 1844 and 4 January 1845 and referred to above (Illsu. 508) ⁽⁸⁹⁾.

2 September 1846 - The School for Caucasian Surveyors [shkola Kavkazskikh mezhevshchikov], reestablished at Topographer Company No. 3 in the Separate Caucasus Corps, is ordered to have clothing of the patterns for topographers, but instead of the dress coat, a kazakin coat [like a beshmet, but not quilted - M.C.] of dark-green cloth, without shoulder straps, along with pants of the same color without leather cuffs, grey cloth greatcoats without shoulder straps, and grey riding trousers ⁽⁹⁰⁾.

16 December 1847 - The quarter-company, established for geodesic work in eastern Siberia and attached to the 2nd half-company of Topographer Company No. 4, is ordered to have the number 4 on its shoulder straps and pouches ⁽⁹¹⁾.

9 January 1848 - On those days when they are obliged to remain in ceremonial dress [prazdnichnaya forma] after the mounting of the guard [posle razvoda], field and company-grade officers are permitted to wear the frock coat for walking out, with helmet and plume ⁽⁹²⁾.

13 October 1849- Field and company-grade officers of the Corps of Topographers, instead of rapiers [shpagi], are ordered to have infantry half-sabers [pekhotnyya polusabli] ⁽⁹³⁾.

15 February 1850 - Field and company-grade officers of the Corps of Topographers in the Separate Caucasus Corps are prescribed the same uniforms and armament as ordered for this corps’ troops on 8 August 1848 and described above in detail for Grenadier regiments, but with the appropriate differences in colors and trim and also the following alterations:

a.) The top of the headdress has silver galloon with two narrow stripes down the center in the same color as the collar .

c.) The vice-half-caftan is similar to the half-caftan except that there is no embroidery on the collar nor flaps on the cuffs, and there is only a dark-green cloth cuff with blue piping ⁽⁹⁴⁾.

4 March 1851 - The half-company of Topographers established to survey government lands in eastern Siberia is ordered to have the number 4 on its shoulder straps ⁽⁹⁵⁾.

Chapter XX.

Garrison Regiments and Battalions [Garnizonnye polki i bataliony].
[Return to Contents]

11 February 1826 - Officers and lower combatant ranks of Garrison regiments and battalions are given single-breasted coats instead of double-breasted, with nine flat buttons in front, dark-green cuff flaps, and red piping down the front opening, from the bottom front to the skirts, and, for officers, also on the pocket folds [karmannye skladki] (Illus 510, 511 and 512). [Note: red cuffs and collars - M.C.]

The former officers’ grey riding-trousers and white pants with high boots and the lower ranks’ same white pants but with knee gaiters are replaced with long, dark-green pants with red piping on the side seams. Lower ranks at all times, and company-grade officers only in formation, wear black cloth half-gaiters under these pants and over the boots, fastened with five or six small brass buttons. Along with this change, the horizontal belt for the knapsack is to be between the two lower buttons on the front of the coat, while the greatcoat is carried on the knapsack rolled into a tube in its special oilskin case made of raven’s-duck ⁽⁹⁶⁾.

15 September 1826- Lower ranks who have completed the regulation number of years of faultless service and voluntarily remain on active duty are to wear, above the yellow tape chevrons on the left sleeve established on 29 March 1825, an additional gold galloon chevron [nashivka iz zolotago galuna] ⁽⁹⁷⁾.

1 January 1827 - Officers’ epaulettes are to have little forged and stamped stars as rank distinctions, regardless of the number already thereon, in the same form and scheme as set forth above for Grenadier and other Army infantry regiments ⁽⁹⁸⁾.

14 December 1827 - The chevron to be sewn on the left sleeve, established for lower ranks on 15 September 1826, is ordered to be silver instead of gold ⁽⁹⁹⁾.

24 March 1828 - The coats of lower ranks are not to be tailored with cinches ⁽¹⁰⁰⁾.

24 April 1828 - 24 April 1828 - The following changes were made in items of uniform and accouterments:

1) A new model shako [kiver] is introduced, 5 1/2 vershoks [9 5/8 inches] high with a top diameter not less than 5 5/8 vershoks [9 7/8 inches] and not more than 6 vershoks [10 1/2 inches]. The lower diameter will be the size of the head. The thickness of the upper, lacquered edge is 5/16 vershok [1/2 inch]. (Illus. 513 and 514.)

2) The shako badge [gerb] is ordered to of white tin, depicting a three-flame grenade, and on this is cut out the number of the regiment or battalion (Illus 513 and 514).

3) The pouch belt [perevyaz] and sword-belt [portupeya] are prescribed to be 2 vershoks [3 1/2 inches] wide; the shoulder belts for the knapsack [rantsevye plechevye remni] — 1 1/2 vershok [2 5/8 inches]; and the belt across the chest [nagrudnyi remen] — 1 1/8 vershok [2 inches].

4) Knapsacks are to be of calfskin [telyachaya kozha] as before but with black leather trim. The knapsack is prescribed to be 9 vershoks [15 3/4 inches] broad, 8 vershoks [14 inches] high, and 2 vershoks [4 3/8 inches] wide. The length of the cover from the upper edge is 6 vershoks [10 1/2 inches].

5) In place of their grey coats [mundiry], all non-combatant non-commissioned officers are issued with dark-green frock coats [syurtuki] with a single row of buttons and the same collar, cuffs, and shoulder straps as for combatant personnel. Pants, however, are grey with red piping on the side seams.

6.) Non-combatant craftsmen [masterovye] of the lower ranks, as well as medical orderlies [lazaretnye sluzhiteli] are to replace their coats with grey cloth jackets [kurtki] modeled on the coat, while pants are to be as for the non-combatants above ⁽¹⁰¹⁾.

Chapter XXI.

Line Battalions
[Lineinye bataliony].
[Return to Contents]

19 April 1829 - The eight Caucasus, fifteen Orenburg, and fifteen Siberian Line battalions, formed from the garrison regiments and battalions of the Separate Caucasus Corps as well as those stationed in the Orenburg territory and Siberia, are ordered to keep their previous uniforms, being distinguished only by the colored cloth on epaulettes and shoulder straps. These colors were designated: for Caucasus battalions — white, without letter or number; for Orenburg battalions — blue [svetlosinii], with the yellow numeral 26 signifying the divisional number; for the Siberian battalions — dark green, with red piping and a yellow numeral 27. All all these battalions it is ordered that there be small grenades on the shako with a cut-out number signifying the battalion (Illus. 515 and 516) ⁽¹⁰²⁾.

10 August 1829 - In Caucasus Line battalions the shako is replaced by a sheepskin headdress [shapka], identical to that introduced at this time for Grenadier, Carabineer, Infantry, and Jäger regiments of the Separate Caucaus Corps (Illus. 517) ⁽¹⁰³⁾.

2 October 1829 - All Line battalions are ordered to have:

a) Red collars.

b) Dark-green cuff flaps on the coat, with red piping.

c) Tinned buttons on the cloth half-gaiters [polushtiblety].

d) Crossbelts, waistbelts, knapsacks, musket straps, straps for the greatcoat and mess tin, and frizzen covers [ognivnye chekhly] — of white Russian leather, of the patterns for Jäger regiments, blackened with black polish.

e) On the pouch covers there are to be brass numbers following the style for Jäger regiments, the same as prescribed for the shako grenades.

Other items of uniform and armaments remain unchanged (Illus. 517) ⁽¹⁰⁴⁾.

16 December 1829 - The cuffs of officers’ frock coats [syurtuki] are ordered to be dark green with red piping ⁽¹⁰⁵⁾.

18 January 1830 - The newly established twelve Georgia Line battalions in the Separate Caucasus Corps are prescribed the same uniform as Caucasus Line battalions ⁽¹⁰⁶⁾.

20 August 1830 - Officers’ rapiers [shpagi] are replaced with half-sabers [polusabli] of the same pattern as established at this time for Grenadier and other Army infantry regiments (Illus. 518) ⁽¹⁰⁷⁾.

31 October 1830 - Lower ranks of Orenburg Line Battalions Nos. 2 and 3, which up to 19 April 1829 formed the Orenburg Garrison Regiment, are ordered to keep their previous shako cords they had since 13 December 1824, but of the new pattern established on 24 April 1828 for Grenadier and other regiments (Illus. 519) ⁽¹⁰⁸⁾.

14 February 1831 - With the changes in the numbering of certain divisions, Orenburg Line battalions are ordered to have the number 28 on epaulettes and shoulder straps, and Siberia Line battalions — 29 ⁽¹⁰⁹⁾.

8 June 1832 - Officers are permitted to wear moustaches ⁽¹¹⁰⁾.

3 January 1833 - Cloth half-gaiters [polushtiblety] are abolished for company-grade officers and lower ranks. Sword knots are abolished for non-commissioned officers, musicians, and drummers, as are covers for shakos and cartridge pouches for non-commissioned officers and privates (Illus. 520) ⁽¹¹¹⁾.

20 January 1833 - Covers for shakos are restored as before ⁽¹¹²⁾.

20 February 1833 - All combatant ranks are given new-pattern summer pants or breeches [pantalony ili bryuki], without buttons or integral spats (Illus. 521) ⁽¹¹³⁾.

22 February 1833 - Field and company-grade officers are ordered not to use the hat, but rather wear the shako at all times ⁽¹¹⁴⁾.

29 January 1834 - In order to introduce uniformity to shako chin straps, it is ordered that they be of black Russian leather, 1/2 vershok [7/8 inch] wide, sewn to the left side of the shako underneath the lower reinforcement strap, flush, and fastened by a button sewn onto the right side of the shako above the lower reinforcement ⁽¹¹⁵⁾.

15 March 1834 - With the division of Line battalions of the Caucasus Corps into 16 Georgia, 10 Black Sea, and 11 Caucasus, shoulder straps for the first are ordered to be red with a yellow battalion number and a yellow Cyrillic letter G.; in the second — white with a red number and likewise red Cyrillic Ch.; and in the third — blue [svetlosinii] with a yellow number and likewise yellow letter K. ⁽¹¹⁶⁾.

19 May 1834 - With the general changes in the numbering of Infantry divisions, the epaulettes and shoulder straps in Orenburg Line battalions are ordered to have the number 22, and in the Siberian battalions — 23 ⁽¹¹⁷⁾.

26 September 1834 - Lower ranks are directed to wear the knapsack on two belts lying crosswise over the chest (Illus. 522) ⁽¹¹⁸⁾.

3 July 1835 - The newly formed 12 Finland Line battalions are prescribed the same uniform as Orenburg and Siberian Line battalions, along with they are to have dark-green shoulder straps with red piping and a yellow number 21 ⁽¹¹⁹⁾.

20 August 1835 - It is ordered that:

1) Officers wear the knapsack using only two shoulder belts, without any cross strap or chest strap. These belts are to be lacquered.

2) For lower ranks a linen case [kholshchevyi chekhol] or pocket [karman] for the forage cap is to be put on the outside of the knapsack on the side that lies on the soldier’s back. These cases are to be made from the linings of wornout coats.

3) For drummers the knapsack is to have one belt as before, worn over the left shoulder ⁽¹²⁰⁾.

31 January 1836 - The lower ranks’ greatcoat [shinel] is to have nine buttons instead of ten: six along the front opening, two on the shoulder straps, and one on the flap behind ⁽¹²¹⁾.

2 February 1836 - Officers of Finland Line battalions are ordered to have gorgets. These are to be identical to those prescribed for Grenadier and other Army infantry regiments (Illus. 523) ⁽¹²²⁾.

15 March 1836 - For all Line battalions forage caps are ordered to be a single pattern: dark green, with a red cloth band and piping, and with the company number on the band, of yellow cloth ⁽¹²³⁾.

27 April 1836 - The lower pompons [repeiki] are to be lined with black leather ⁽¹²⁴⁾.

14 January 1837 - Handles of entrenching tools are to have the wooden parts varnished, and the same directives for the fitting and carrying of these tools apply as described above for Grenadier regiments ⁽¹²⁵⁾.

15 July 1837 - Confirmation is given to the new pattern of officers’ sash, identical to that introduced at this time for Army infantry regiments and described above for Grenadier regiments ⁽¹²⁶⁾.

17 December 1837 - Confirmation is given to a new pattern of officers’ epaulettes, identical to those introduced at this time, and described above, for Grenadier regiments ⁽¹²⁷⁾.

4 January 1839 - Field and company-grade officers are not to have any bows or bands on the front of their pants or trousers. These are to be worn completely plain in the manner prescribed for lower ranks ⁽¹²⁸⁾.

16 March 1839 - Lower ranks’ pouch-belts and sword-belts [perevyazi i portupei] are to be 1 1/2 vershoks [2 3/5 inches ]wide, while drummers’ crossbelts are as before, 2 1/2 vershoks [4 2/5 inches] wide ⁽¹²⁹⁾.

16 October 1840 - Lower combatant ranks who voluntarily remain in service after completing the regulation period for retirement are to be given sewn-on chevrons of silver galloon to be worn on the left sleeve, one every five years that are served ⁽¹³⁰⁾.

23 January 1841- The capes [bolshie vorotniki] of officers’ greatcoats are to be 28 inches long as measured from the lower edge of the collar [malyi vorotnik] ⁽¹³¹⁾.

19 March 1841- Sword belts [portupei] are taken away from privates, and it is directed that they only have crossbelts [perevyazi] with a frog for the bayonet that in full parade dress [polnaya paradnaya forma] is buttoned to the pouch and worn over the left shoulder, while in half-dress [poluforma], when personnel are without pouches, it is worn over the right shoulder (Illus. 524) ⁽¹³²⁾.

26 November 1842 - Until a new uniform is approved, officers and lower combatant ranks of the Georgia, Black-Sea, and Caucasus Line battalions, are to wear forage caps in place of the sheepskin headdress (Illus. 524 and 525) ⁽¹³³⁾.

16 January 1843 - To distinguish lower ranks who have committed transgressions and undergone punishments from other personnel serving without fault, thin sewn-on cords [nashivki iz tonkago snurka] are established, to be worn across the shoulder straps on dress coats and greatcoats below any numbers or letters:

1.) For those who have attempted two desertions—of grey cord, in two rows; for three desertions—in three rows, and so on, with the addition of one row for each desertion.

2.) For those punished by running the gauntlet [nakazannye shpitsrutenami], not for desertion but for some other transgression—of black cord: one cord for each time the man was run through the formation ⁽¹³⁴⁾.

21 February 1843 - The aforementioned grey and black cords are ordered to be sewn onto the shoulder straps of greatcoats as well as dress coats, below the cut-out number ⁽¹³⁵⁾.

8 April 1843 - Officers and lower ranks of the Finland, Orenburg, and Siberian Line battalions are given a new pattern shako, 4 3/4 vershoks [8 1/3 inches] high and curving slightly inward toward the bottom (Illus. 526). Along with this, trim on the shoulder straps [nashivki na plechevye pogony] of sergeants [feldfebeli], non-commissioned officers [unter-ofitsery], and lance-corporals [yefreitory] is established following the same scheme as for these ranks in Grenadier and other regiments ⁽¹³⁶⁾.

10 May 1843 - The covers of the cartridge-pouches [patronnyya sumki] are not to have any break on top [bez pereloma vverkhu], and are to measure [with the cover sewn onto the body of the pouch]: length — 5 vershoks [8 3/4 inches], width at the top edge — 5 1/2 vershoks [9 5/8 inches], width at the bottom edge — 6 vershoks [10 1/2 inches] ⁽¹³⁷⁾.

2 January 1844 - Officers are to have an oval metallic cockade on the front of their forage caps, of the same colors as prescribed for the cockades on officer’s hats ⁽¹³⁸⁾.

9 May 1844 - Officers and lower ranks in Finland, Orenburg, and Siberian Line battalions are given helmets in place of shakos, of the same pattern as established at this time for other troops, without plumes, with chinscales and army-pattern plates of white tin, with this last item having the brass letter or numbers prescribed for each battalion (Illus. 527) ⁽¹³⁹⁾.

4 January 1845 - Officers’ helmets are to have, on the right side under the chin-scales, a metallic cockade (Illus. 528) ⁽¹⁴⁰⁾.

23 June 1846 - Upon the introduction of percussion-lock weapons, a description for fitting the firing-cap pouch is approved ⁽¹⁴¹⁾.

8 August 1848 - Georgia, Black-Sea, and Caucasus Line battalions are prescribed the new uniform and equipment confirmed at this time for Grenadier regiments and described in detail above (Illus. 529 and 530) ⁽¹⁴²⁾.

28 April 1849 - Approval is given to a description of the method for wearing the rolled-up greatcoat in Line battlions of the Separate Caucasus Corps, laid out above for Sapper battalions ⁽¹⁴³⁾.

9 and 25 November 1849 - The fitting of helmets is confirmed as described in detail above for Grenadier regiments ⁽¹⁴⁴⁾.

17 January 1851 - Approval is given to the description of folding up and turning back the skirts of the greatcoat as laid out above for Grenadier regiments ⁽¹⁴⁵⁾.

8 July 1851 - The gun-lock covers (polunagalishcha) are abolished and approval given to the patterns and descriptions of the drum, fife case for Caucasus troops, water flask, greatcoat strap, sword-belt, crossbelt, and cover for the firing nipple of percussion weapons, all as presented above for Grenadier regiments ⁽¹⁴⁶⁾.

20 October 1851 - Approval is given to the list and description of items which the soldier is to carry in his knapsack, as presented above for Grenadier regiments ⁽¹⁴⁷⁾.

26 January 1852 - Non-combatant lower ranks with grey cloth forage caps are to have the cap band in the same color as the collar ⁽¹⁴⁸⁾.

3 January 1853 - Non-combatant lower ranks with frock coats are to have these reach to the lower part of the knee ⁽¹⁴⁹⁾.

29 April 1854 - Field and company-grade officers are to have campaign greatcoats in wartime, and company-grade officers a sword belt over the shoulder, in the same pattern and worn according to the same directives as issued at this time for Grenadier regiments ⁽¹⁵⁰⁾.

Chapter XXII.

Battalions of the Internal Guard [Bataliony Vnutrennei Strazhi].
[Return to Contents]

11 February 1826 - Lower ranks in battalions of the Internal Guard are given single-breasted coats [mundiry] instead of double-breasted, grey in color as previously, with yellow collars and cuffs, red piping on the tail turnbacks, and nine flat [ploskii] buttons in front. Pants with knee gaiters [kragi] are replaced with long pants the same color as the coat, with yellow piping on the side seams (Illus. 531). Officers keep their dark-green coats with yellow collar, cuffs, and piping on the pocket flaps; red lining on the turnbacks, and nine buttons in one row down the front. Pants are grey with yellow piping on the side seams (Illus. 532). Lower ranks at all times, and company-grade officers [ober-ofitsery] only when in formation, are ordered to wear black cloth half-gaiters [polushtiblety], fastened with five or six small brass buttons. Along with this change, the horizontal belt for the knapsack [poperechnyi rantsevyi remen] is to be between the two lower buttons on the front of the coat, while the greatcoat [shinel] is carried on the knapsack [ranets] rolled into a tube in its special oilskin case made of raven’s-duck [ravenduchnaya kleenka] ⁽¹⁵¹⁾.

15 September 1826- Lower ranks who have completed the regulation number of years of faultless service and voluntarily remain on active duty are to wear a gold galloon chevron [nashivka iz galuna] on the left sleeve, as related above for Grenadier regiments. ⁽¹⁵²⁾.

1 January 1827 - Officers’ epaulettes, in addition to any number, are to have little gold forged and stamped stars as rank distinctions in the same form and scheme as described above for Grenadier and other regiments of Army infantry ⁽¹⁵³⁾.

14 December 1827 - The chevrons for the left sleeve established for lower ranks on 15 September 1826 are ordered to be silver instead of gold ⁽¹⁵⁴⁾.

24 March 1828 - The coats of lower ranks are not to be tailored with cinches ⁽¹⁵⁵⁾.

24 April 1828 - New shakos are given, of the same pattern as described above for Garrison regiments and battalions, with the only difference being that in battalions of the Internal Guard the small grenades have a single flame instead of three (Illus. 533) ⁽¹⁵⁶⁾.

20 September 1829 - A new allocation of Internal Guard battalions is confirmed, based on which they are prescribed the following numbers:

  District I: St.-Petersburg Battalion — No. 1; Reval — No. 2; Pskov — No. 3; Mitau — No. 4; Riga — No. 5; Arensburg — No. 6.
  District II: Novgorod — No. 7; Tver — No. 8; Yaroslavl’ — No. 9; Vladimir — No. 10; Kostrtoma — No. 11; Vologda — No. 12.
  District III: Sveaborg — No. 13; Viborg — No. 14; Petrozavodsk — No. 15; 1st Archangel — No. 16; 2nd ditto — No. 17; 3rd ditto — No. 18.
  District IV: Nizhnii-Novgorod — No. 19; 1st Kazan — No. 20; 2nd Kazan — No. 21; Simbirsk — No. 22; Vyatka — No. 23; Perm — No. 24.
District V: Penza — No. 25; Saratov — No. 26; Tambov — No. 27; Voronezh — No. 28; Orel — No. 29; Tula — No. 30.
District VI: Vitebsk — No. 31; Smolensk — No. 32; Mogilev — No. 33; Kaluga — No. 34; Moscow — No. 35; Ryazan — No. 36.
District VII: Zhitomir — No. 37: Kiev — No. 38; Chernigov — No. 39; Poltava — No. 40; Khar’kov — No. 41; Kursk— No. 42.
District VIII: Yekaterinoslav — No. 43; Kherson — No. 44; Taurica — No. 45; Kishinev — No. 46; Kamenets-Podol’sk— No. 47.
District IX: Bialystok— No. 48; Grodno— No. 49; Vilna— No. 50; Minsk— No. 51.

As before, the district number is on the shoulder straps and the battalion number on the shako grenades ⁽¹⁵⁷⁾.

2 October 1829 - All battalions of the Internal Guard are ordered to have:

a) Dark-green coat, collar, and cuff flaps; red cuffs, collar piping, piping down the front of the coat and on the cuff flaps and lining on the tails; red shoulder straps with yellow figures.

b) Dark-green pants with red piping.

c) Tin buttons on the cloth half-gaiters.

d) Crossbelt, swordbelt, knapsack straps, musket sling, greatcoat strap, and mess-tin strap, and also frizzen covers of white Russian leather, are all to be of the patterns for Jäger regiments, blackened with black polish.

e) Brass numbers on the pouch lid, following the pattern for Jäger regiments, and the same as prescribed for the shako grenades.

f) Other items of uniform and armaments remain unchanged (Illus. 534 and 535) ⁽¹⁵⁸⁾.

16 December 1829 - The cuffs of officers’ frock coats [syurtuki] are ordered to be dark green with red piping ⁽¹⁵⁹⁾.

20 August 1830 - Officers’ rapiers [shpagi] are replaced with half-sabers [polusabli] of the same pattern confirmed at this time for Grenadier and other Army infantry regiments ⁽¹⁶⁰⁾.

8 May 1832 - The newly formed Modlin and Zamosc battalions are prescribed: on epaulettes and shoulder straps—the number 10, and on shako grenades and the covers of cartridge pouches for the Modlin battalion—the number 52, and for the Zamosc—53 ⁽¹⁶¹⁾.

8 June 1832 - Officers are permitted to wear moustaches ⁽¹⁶²⁾.

3 January 1833 - Cloth half-gaiters [polushtiblety] are abolished for company-grade officers and lower ranks , as are sword knots for non-commissioned officers and drummers. Covers for shakos and cartridge pouches are abolished for non-commissioned officers and privates ⁽¹⁶³⁾.

12 January 1833 - The newly established Warsaw Garrison Battalion is ordered to have the number 54 on shakos and pouches, and on epaulettes and shoulder straps—the number 10 ⁽¹⁶⁴⁾.

20 January 1833 - Covers for shakos are restored as before ⁽¹⁶⁵⁾.

20 February 1833 - All combatant ranks are given new pattern summer pants or breeches [pantalony ili bryuki], without buttons or integral spats (Illus. 536) ⁽¹⁶⁶⁾.

22 February 1833 - Field and company-grade officers are not to use the hat, but rather wear the shako at all times ⁽¹⁶⁷⁾.

29 January 1834 - In order to introduce uniformity to shako chin straps, it is ordered that they be of black Russian leather, 1/2 vershok [7/8 inch] wide, sewn to the left side of the shako underneath the lower reinforcement strap, flush, and fastened by a button sewn onto the right side of the shako above the lower reinforcement ⁽¹⁶⁸⁾.

26 September 1834 - Lower ranks are directed to wear the knapsack on two belts lying crosswise over the chest (Illus. 537) ⁽¹⁶⁹⁾.

20 August 1835 - A directive regarding officers’ knapsacks [rantsy] is issued , the same as set forth above for Line battalions ⁽¹⁷⁰⁾.

27 April 1836 - The lower pompons [repeiki] are to be lined with black leather ⁽¹⁷²⁾.

15 July 1837 - Approval is given to the new pattern of officers’ sash, identical to that introduced at this time for Army infantry regiments and described above for Grenadier regiments ⁽¹⁷³⁾.

17 December 1837 - Approval is given to a new pattern of officers’ epaulettes, identical to those introduced at this time for Grenadier regiments and described above ⁽¹⁷⁴⁾.

19 February 1839 - Shako covers are abolished for those battalions on a field establishment [na polevom polozhenii]: St. Petersburg, Moscow, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Archangel, and 1st and 2nd Kazan ⁽¹⁷⁶⁾.

16 October 1840 - Lower combatant ranks who voluntarily remain in service after serving out the regulation period for retirement are to be given sewn-on silver galloon chevrons for the left sleeve, after every five years service ⁽¹⁷⁸⁾.

23 January 1841 - The capes [bolshie vorotniki] of officers’ greatcoats are to be 1 arshin [28 inches] long as measured from the lower edge of the collar [malyi vorotnik] ⁽¹⁷⁹⁾.

19 March 1841 - Sword belts [portupei] are taken away from privates, and it is directed that they only have crossbelts [perevyazi] with a frog for the bayonet that in full parade dress [polnaya paradnaya forma] is buttoned to the pouch and worn over the left shoulder, while in half-dress [poluforma], when personnel are without pouches, it is worn over the right shoulder ⁽¹⁸⁰⁾.

16 January 1843 - To distinguish lower ranks who have committed transgressions and undergone punishments sewn-on grey and black cords are established, on the same basis as related above for Line battalions ⁽¹⁸¹⁾.

21 February 1843 - The aforementioned grey and black cords are ordered to be sewn onto the shoulder straps of greatcoats as well as dress coats, below the cut-out number ⁽¹⁸²⁾.

8 April 1843 - Officers and lower ranks are given a new pattern shako, 4 3/4 vershoks [8 1/3 inches] high and curving slightly inward toward the bottom. Along with this, trim on the shoulder straps [nashivki na plechevye pogony] of sergeants [feldfebeli], non-commissioned officers [unter-ofitsery], and lance-corporals [yefreitory] is established following the same scheme as for these ranks in Infantry and Jäger regiments ⁽¹⁸³⁾.

2 January 1844 - Officers are to have a cockade on the front of their forage caps, identical to those established at this time for Line battalions ⁽¹⁸⁵⁾.

9 May 1844 - Officers and lower ranks are given helmets in place of shakos, identical to those confirmed at this time for Line battalions but with a three-flame grenade with the battalion number cut out on it, and, as before, with a black chin strap [podborodnyi remen'] for lower ranks (Illus. 538) ⁽¹⁸⁶⁾.

4 January 1845 - Officers’ helmets are to have a cockade on the right side under the chin-scales ⁽¹⁸⁷⁾.

30 March 1845 - The St.-Petersburg and Moscow battalions are ordered to have metal chin-scales on their helmets instead of chin straps ⁽¹⁸⁸⁾.

23 June 1846 - Upon the introduction of percussion-lock weapons, the description for fitting the firing-cap pouch is approved as detailed above for Grenadier regiments (Illus. 539) ⁽¹⁸⁹⁾.

9 and 25 November 1849 - The fitting of helmets is confirmed as described in detail above for Grenadier regiments ⁽¹⁹⁰⁾.

17 January 1851 - Approval is given to the descriptions for folding up and turning back the skirts of the greatcoat as laid out above for Grenadier regiments ⁽¹⁹¹⁾.

8 July 1851 - Gun-lock covers (polunagalishcha) are abolished and approval given to the patterns and descriptions of the drum, water flask, greatcoat strap, sword-belt, crossbelt, and cover for the firing nipple of percussion weapons, all as presented above for Grenadier regiments ⁽¹⁹²⁾.

26 January 1852 - Non-combatant lower ranks with grey cloth forage caps are to have the cap band in the same color as the collar ⁽¹⁹³⁾.

3 January 1853 - Non-combatant lower ranks authorized frock coats are to have these reach to the lower part of the knee ⁽¹⁹⁴⁾.

29 April 1854 - Field and company-grade officers of the Novgorod and Tver Internal Garrison Battalions, upon their being made mobile, are to have campaign greatcoats in wartime, and company-grade officers a sword belt over the shoulder, of the same patterns as introduced on this date for active forces and described above for Grenadier regiments, but with changes in colors as appropriate for lower ranks of the Internal Guard ⁽¹⁹⁵⁾.

Chapter XXIII.

District Invalid Commands [Uezdnyya Invalidnyya komandy].
[Return to Contents]

11 February 1826 - Lower ranks in District Invalid commands are given single-breasted coats [mundiry] instead of double-breasted, grey in color as previously, with nine flat buttons in front, and pants with knee gaiters [kragi] are replaced with long pants the same color as the coat, with yellow piping on the side seams (Illus. 540). Officers keep their dark-green coats, but single-breasted as for lower ranks, with grey pants with yellow piping on the side seams (Illus. 541). Lower ranks at all times, and company-grade officers only when wearing the sash, are ordered to wear black cloth half-gaiters [polushtiblety], fastened with five or six small brass buttons. Along with this change, the horizontal belt for the knapsack [poperechnyi rantsevyi remen] is to be between the two lower buttons on the front of the coat, while the greatcoat [shinel] is carried on the knapsack [ranets] rolled into a tube in its special oilskin case made of raven’s-duck [ravenduchnaya kleenka] ⁽¹⁹⁶⁾.

26 June 1826- Officers and lower ranks are ordered to have completely grey pants, without piping (Illus. 542) ⁽¹⁹⁷⁾.

24 March 1828 - The coats of lower ranks are not to be tailored with cinches ⁽²⁰⁰⁾.

24 April 1828 - There are the same changes in uniforms and accouterments as described above for Garrison regiments and battalions, with the only difference being that in District Invalid commands the small grenades on shakos are ordered have a single flame instead of three, with the cut-out number of the battalion to which the command is assigned (Illus. 543) ⁽²⁰¹⁾.

20 August 1829 - District Invalid commands assigned to Line battalions of the Separate Caucasus Corps are to have sheepskin headdresses instead of shakos, identical to those prescribed for these battalions but with a single-flame grenade (Illus. 544) ⁽²⁰²⁾.

2 October 1829 - District Invalid commands are ordered to have:

a) An entirely dark-green coat with a yellow number on the shoulder straps, corresponding to the Internal Guard battalion to which the command is assigned.

b) Dark-green pants.

c) Tin buttons on the cloth half-gaiters.

e) Brass numbers on the pouch lid, following the pattern for Jäger regiments, the same as prescribed for the shako grenades.

Other items of uniform and armaments remain unchanged (Illus. 545) ⁽²⁰³⁾.

20 August 1830 - Officers’ rapiers [shpagi] are replaced with half-sabers [polusabli] of the same pattern confirmed at this time for Grenadier and other regiments of Army infantry ⁽²⁰⁴⁾.

2 June 1832 - [Sic, should be 8 June - M.C.] Officers are permitted to wear moustaches ⁽²⁰⁵⁾.

20 January 1833 - Covers for shakos are restored as before ⁽²⁰⁷⁾.

20 February 1833 - All combatant ranks are given new pattern summer pants or breeches [pantalony ili bryuki], without buttons or integral spats (Illus. 546) ⁽²⁰⁸⁾.

22 February 1833 - Field and company-grade officers are not to use the hat, but rather wear the shako at all times ⁽²⁰⁹⁾.

26 September 1834 - Lower ranks are directed to wear the knapsack on two belts lying crosswise over the chest ⁽²¹¹⁾.

20 August 1835 - A directive regarding officers’ knapsacks [rantsy] is issued , the same as set forth above for Line battalions ⁽²¹²⁾.

31 January 1836 - Lower ranks’ greatcoats [shineli] are to have nine buttons instead of ten: six along the front opening, two on the shoulder straps, and one on the flap behind ⁽²¹³⁾.

27 April 1836 - The lower pompons [repeiki] are to be lined with black leather ⁽²¹⁴⁾.

17 December 1837 - Approval is given to a new pattern of officers’ epaulettes, identical to those introduced at this time for Grenadier regiments and described above ⁽²¹⁶⁾.

16 October 1840 - Lower combatant ranks who voluntarily remain in service after serving out the regulation period for retirement are to be given, for subsequent service, sewn-on silver galloon chevrons for the left sleeve, after every five years service ⁽²¹⁹⁾.

23 January 1841 - The capes [bolshie vorotniki] of officers’ greatcoats are to be 1 arshin [28 inches] long as measured from the lower edge of the collar [malyi vorotnik] ⁽²²⁰⁾.

26 November 1842 - Officers and lower ranks of District Invalid commands in the Separate Caucasus Corps are ordered to wear forage caps instead of the sheepskin headdress until such time as a new uniform is established. The forage caps prescribed for all Invalid commands are of dark-green cloth without any other colors ⁽²²²⁾.

8 April 1843 - Officers and lower ranks, except in commands in the Caucasus Corps, are given a new pattern shako, 4 3/4 vershoks [8 1/3 inches] high and curving slightly inward toward the bottom. Along with this, for all commands trim on the shoulder straps [nashivki na plechevye pogony] of sergeants [feldfebeli], non-commissioned officers [unter-ofitsery], and lance-corporals [yefreitory] is established following the same scheme as for these ranks in Infantry and Jäger regiments ⁽²²³⁾.

2 January 1844 - Officers are to have a cockade on the front of their forage caps, of the same colors as prescribed for cockades on officers’ hats ⁽²²⁵⁾.

9 May 1844 - Officers and lower combatant ranks are given helmets in place of shakos, identical to those confirmed at this time for Internal Guard battalions but with a single-flame grenade (Illus. 547) ⁽²²⁶⁾.

4 January 1845 - Officers’ helmets are to have a metallic cockade on the right side under the chin-scales ⁽²²⁷⁾.

23 June 1846 - Upon the introduction of percussion-lock weapons, the description for fitting the firing-cap pouch is approved as detailed above for Grenadier regiments ⁽²²⁸⁾.

8 August 1846 - District Invalid commands of the the Separate Caucasus Corps are prescribed the new uniforms and equipment confirmed at this time, and described in detail above, for Grenadier regiments ⁽²²⁹⁾.

9 and 25 November 1849 - The fitting of helmets is confirmed as described in detail above for Grenadier regiments ⁽²³⁰⁾.

17 January 1851 - Approval is given to the descriptions for folding up and turning back the skirts of the greatcoat as laid out above for Grenadier regiments ⁽²³¹⁾.

8 July 1851 - Frizzen covers (polunagalishcha) are abolished and approval given to the patterns and descriptions of the drum, water flask, greatcoat strap, sword-belt, crossbelt, and cover for the firing nipple of percussion weapons, all as presented above for Grenadier regiments ⁽²³²⁾.

Chapter XXIV.

Étape Invalid Commands [Etapnyya Invalidnyya komandy].
[Return to Contents]

Changes in the uniforms, weapons, and accouterments of Étape Invalid commands were the same as for District Invalid commands except that on 21 June 1837 there were the following directives regarding Horse-Étape commands:

a.) Wearing the same uniform as personnel on foot, lower ranks’ pants are to be lined with leather in the manner of cavalry riding trousers [reituzy]. Lower ranks are to have a saber on a black sword belt and a holder for one pistol on a strap worn around the neck; pikes—of the pattern for lancers but without pennants; pouches and belts for them—black; saddle cloths [val'trapy]—of dark-green cloth, without monogram or piping; valises—of grey cloth; saddles—as for light cavalry; bridles—similar to cossacks’ (Illus. 550) ⁽²³³⁾.

b.) Company-grade officers, wearing the same uniform as officers in foot commands, have cavalry sabers; likewise cavalry sword belts, of black Russian leather, with silver fittings (Illus. 551), and horse furniture as for lower ranks ⁽²²⁴⁾.

c.) Lower ranks as well as officers have shakos always in covers ⁽²²⁵⁾.

27 April 1838 - Officers of Horse-Étape commands are ordered to have spurs ⁽²²⁶⁾.

9 May 1844 - In Horse-Étape commands shakos are replaced by helmets, the same as for foot commands, without cockades, and from 4 January 1845—with cockades for officers (Illus. 552) ⁽²³⁷⁾.

Chapter XXV.

Salt Invalid Commands [Solyanyya Invalidnyya komandy].
[Return to Contents]

Changes in the uniforms, weapons, and accouterments of Salt Invalid commands were the same as for District Invalid commands with the only difference being that Salt commands had the Cyrillic letter S [“C”] on the shako grenade, epaulettes, and shoulder straps ⁽²³⁸⁾.

Chapter XXVI.

Mobile Invalid Companies [Podvizhnyya Invalidnyya roty].
[Return to Contents]

Changes in the uniforms, weapons, and accouterments of Mobile Invalid commands were the same as for District Invalid commands with only the following differences :

11 February 1826 - Coats and pants for officers as well as lower ranks remain dark green without piping (Ills. 553 and 554), unlike in District commands (except for officers’ coats) where uniforms were grey. Numbers on shako grenades in Mobile Invalid companies, and also on epaulettes and shoulder straps, were those assigned to the companies ⁽²³⁹⁾.

2 October 1829 - For Mobile Invalid companies at hospitals, the 2nd Cadet Corps, the Provisioning Department, and the various institutions in Gatchina, it was ordered:

a.) To have forage caps instead of shakos, of dark-green cloth, a band of the same, and on that the cut-out company number backed by yellow cloth (Illus. 555).

b.) To have jackets [kurtki] instead of uniform coats (of the pattern for lower-rank noncombatant master craftsmen), of dark-green cloth with the same collar, cuffs, and shoulder straps. On the shoulder straps is the cut-out company number in yellow (Illus. 555).

c.) There are no accouterments for weapons ⁽²⁴⁰⁾.

In other commands the uniform, armament, and accouterments remained the same.

30 July 1853 - For Mobile Invalid companies at military hospitals, knapsacks with water flasks and greatcoat cases were withdrawn, and were left only for the exact number of personnel who made up hospital cadres ⁽²⁴¹⁾.

Chapter XXVII.

Garrison Artillery [Garnizonnaya Artilleriya].
[Return to Contents]

11 February 1826 - Officers and combatant lower ranks (sergeants [fel'dfebeli], fireworkers [feierverkery], cannoneers [kanoniry], gun handlers [gandlangery], and drummers [barabanshchiki]) of Garrison Artillery companies and half-companies are given single-breasted coats [mundiry] in place of the double-breasted ones, of the style prescribed at this time for all Army and Garrision infantry troops, with, as before, red piping and white buttons. Also given are long dark-green pants with red piping on the side seams. Lower ranks at all times, and company-grade officers only when in formation with sashes, are ordered to wear black cloth half-gaiters [polushtiblety] under these pants and over the boots, fastened with five or six small white buttons (Illus. 556). Along with this change, the horizontal belt for the knapsack is to be between the two lower buttons on the front of the coat, while the greatcoat is carried on the knapsack rolled into a tube in its special oilskin case made of raven’s-duck [ravenduchnaya kleenka]. These changes in uniform are extended to Arsenals with the difference that their personnel (officers, sergeants, and fireworkers) have yellow buttons, shako badges, and shoulder straps while Garrison Artillery companies and half-companies have white buttons and shako badges and dark-green shoulder straps piped red ⁽²⁴²⁾.

[*Note: Feierverker, from German Feuerwerker. In the Russian artillery, non-commissioned officers were titled “fireworkers” in deference to their gunnery and artificer skills. Note also that here “non-commissioned officers” are what western armies would call sergeants, and “sergeants/fel'dfebeli” are what would be called sergeants major - M.C.]

10 June 1826 - For Garrison Artillery companies shoulder straps on coats and greatcoats are ordered to be of red chancellery [kantselyarnoe] cloth (Illus. 557), and along with this the color red is prescribed for the cloth field of officers’ epaulettes ⁽²⁴³⁾.

24 August 1826 - For Garrison Artillery companies shoulder straps on greatcoats are ordered to be of madder red cloth [iz krasnago, krapovago sukna] ⁽²⁴⁴⁾.

13 September 1826 - The following uniforms are approved for personnel in local Arsenals, Powder works, and Laboratory companies:

a) For Arsenal sergeants and fireworkers—the same uniforms as for Foot Field Artillery , but with dark-green cuff flaps, piped red; yellow shoulder straps with red initial Cyrillic letters (in the St.-Petersburg Arsenal—P.A., in the Kiev Arsenal—K.A., in the Bryansk. Arsenal—B.A., and the Kazan Arsenal—Ka.A.; shakos without cords, with a chin strap instead of chin-scales, and with a brass badge of two crossed cannons, under which is a small single-flame grenade (Illus. 558).

b) For Arsenal master craftsmen—dark-green jacket [kurtka] without tails or piping, with black collar and cuffs; dark-green cuff flaps; red piping on the collar, cuffs, and flaps; with the same buttons (single row) and shoulder straps as the preceding personnel; grey winter pants [bryuki], but in summer of Flemish linen; dark-green forage cap with a visor, black band, red pipings, and yellow letters, the same as prescribed for the shoulder straps (Illus. 559)/

c) For Laboratory fireworkers—the same uniform as for Arsenal fireworkers, but black shoulder straps instead of yellow, piped red, and forage caps instead of shakos, of dark-green cloth with a visor, black band, and red piping on the band. On the shoulder straps and cap band are red cut-out company numbers and the Cyrillic letter L. (Illus. 560).

d) For non-commissioned officers in Powder works [Porokhovye zavody]—the same uniform as for Arsenal non-commissioned officers but with white distinctions instead of yellow (Illus. 561), and with red initial Cyrillic letters: in the Okhtensk works—O.Z.; the Shostensk—Sh.Z.; the Kazan—K.Z.

e) For non-commissioned officers and privates of non-settled labor companies at the Okhtensk Powder Works—the same uniform as for Arsenal non-commissioned officers but with the grenade on the shako not having any cannons, and with the appropriate letters on shoulder straps and forage caps (Illus. 562).

f) For supply-train non-commissioned officers [furshtatskie unter-ofitsery] at the Okhtensk Powder Works—grey coats with black piping, brass buttons, and yellow shoulder straps on which are cut-out red letters; silver galloon on the collar and cuffs; grey pants with black piping and leather reinforcement on the lower leg; grey forage cap with a visor, black piping, and yellow cut-out letters; infantry short sword [tesak] on a white sword belt (Illus. 563).

g) For supply-train personnel [furleity] of this powder works—the same uniform as for the preceding, but without galloon or short sword (Illus. 563) ⁽²⁴⁵⁾.

15 September 1826 - Lower ranks who have completed the regulation number of years of faultless service and have the right to be discharged but who voluntarily remain on active duty are to wear gold galloon [nashivka iz zolotago galuna] sewn onto the left sleeve above and in addition to the yellow tape [bason] prescribed on 29 March 1825 ⁽²⁴⁶⁾.

1 January 1827 - Officers’ epaulettes are to have small forged and stamped silver stars as rank distinctions, of the same pattern and scheme as for other infantry troops: on gold epaulettes—in silver, and on silver epaulettes—in gold ⁽²⁴⁷⁾.

14 December 1827 - The sewn-on galloon established for lower ranks on 15 September 1826 is ordered to be gold to accompany yellow buttons, and silver to accompany white buttons⁽²⁴⁸⁾.

24 March 1828 - The coats of lower ranks are not to be tailored with cinches ⁽²⁴⁹⁾.

24 April 1828 - The Garrison Artillery is given a new pattern shako, identical with those introduced at this time for other infantry troops, except without cords for lower ranks:

a) For Garrison Artillery companies—with black chin straps and a badge depicting two crossed cannons, under which is a small single-flame grenade; for lower ranks this badge is of white tin, and for officers—silvered (Illus. 564).

b) For Local and Mobile Arsenals and Laboratory companies—with brass chin-scales and the same badge as for Garrison Artillery companies, but yellow (Illus. 565).

c) For Powder works—as for Garrison Artillery companies.

Along with the change in the shako there were the following changes:

1.) The width of the crossbelt [perevyaz'] in Garrison Artillery companies and the swordbelt [portupei] is stipulated as 2 vershoks [3 1/2 inches], of knapsack shoulder belts [rantsevye plechevye remni] — 1 1/2 vershoks [2 5/8 inches], and of the belt across the chest [nagrudnyi remen] — 1 1/8 vershoks [2 inches].

2.) Knapsacks [rantsy] (in Garrison Artillery companies and Mobile Arsenals) are to be of calfskin as before but with the addition of black leather trim. The knapsack is prescribed to be 9 vershoks [15 3/4 inches] wide, 8 vershoks [14 inches] tall, and 2 vershoks [3 1/2 inches] deep. The length of the cover from the upper edge is 6 vershoks [10 1/2] inches.

3.) All non-combatant non-commissioned officers are given dark-green frock coats [syurtuki] with a single row of buttons and the same collar, cuffs, and shoulder straps as for combatant personnel. Pants, however, are grey with red piping on the side seams. Non-combatant craftsmen [masterovye] of the lower ranks are to wear grey cloth jackets [kurtki] modeled on the coat, with the same pants as for the non-combatants above ⁽²⁵⁰⁾.

10 August 1829 - In the Caucasus and Georgia Garrison Artillery Districts the shako is replaced by a black sheepskin shapka headdress like that introduced at this time for other infantry troops of the Separate Caucasus Corps, but without pompons, and with the same badge as was on the shako (Illus.566) ⁽²⁵¹⁾.

16 December 1829 - Field and company-grade officers of the Garrison Artillery are to have the cuffs on their frock coats [syurtuki] are changed from black to dark green as previously, with red piping ⁽²⁵²⁾.

March 1830 - Field and company-grade officers and combatant lower ranks of the Garrison Artillery are ordered to have buttons with the raised image of two crossed cannons, with numbers, or numerals and Cyrillic letters: in Garrison Artillery companies—with the number designating the brigade (Illus. 561a); in the St.-Petersburg Arsenal—with the letters P.A. (Illus. 567b), in the Kiev Arsenal—K.A. (Illus. 567c); in the Bryansk Arsenal—B.A. (Illus. 567d), in the Kazan Arsenal—Ka.A. (Illus. 567e); in the Okhtensk Powder Works—O.Z. (Illus. 567f); in the Shostensk Powder Works—Sh.Z. (Illus. 567g), in the Kazan Powder Works—K.Z. (Illus. 567h); in Mobile Arsenals—the Arsenal number and the letters P.A. [for “Podvizhnyi Arsenal”] (Illus. 567i); in Laboratory companies—the company number and the letter L. (Illus. 567k) ⁽²⁵³⁾.

8 June 1832 - Officers are permitted to wear moustaches ⁽²⁵⁴⁾.

13 October 1832 - Lower ranks of Arms factories [Oruzheinye zavody] are ordered to have, on the shoulder straps of coats, jackets, and greatcoats, and on the bands of forage caps, cut-outs of distinguishing Cyrillic letters, backed by yellow cloth: in the Sestroretsk Factory—S.Z., in the Tula Factory—T.Z., and in the Izhevsk Factory—I.Z. ⁽²⁵⁵⁾.

3 January 1833 - Cloth half-gaiters are abolished throughout the Garrison Artillery, as well as short swords, pouchs, and pouch belts in Garrison Artillery companies (Illus. 568) ⁽²⁵⁶⁾.

20 February 1833 - All personnel with with white summer pants with buttons and integral spats have these replaced by trousers without buttons or integral spats (Illus. 569) ⁽²⁵⁷⁾.

22 February 1833 - Officers of the Garrison Artillery, except those in the capitals, are not to use the hat, but rather use the shako at all times ⁽²⁵⁸⁾.

27 July 1833 - For uniformity with other troops, the Garrison Artillery is ordered to have their previous badges on the shako, of two crossed cannons over a grenade, but this last of a size capable of accomodating numerals and Cyrillic letters: in Garrison Artillery companies—the brigade number; in the St.-Petersburg Arsenal—the letters P.A., in the Kiev Arsenal—K.A., in the Bryansk Arsenal—B.A., in the Kazan Arsenal—Ka.A., in the Okhtensk. Powder Works—O.Z., in the Shostensk Powder Works—Sh.Z., in the Kazan Powder Works—K.Z., in Laboratory companies—the company number and the letter L.; in Mobile Arsenals—the Arsenal number and the letters P.A. ⁽²⁵⁹⁾.

5 November 1833 - Instead of a rapier [shpaga], officers of Garrison Artillery are ordered to wear half-sabers [polusabli] as prescribed for infantry officers (Illus. 570) ⁽²⁶⁰⁾.

4 January 1834 - Instead of black shoulder straps, lower ranks in Laboratory companies are ordered to have dark-green with red piping and a red numeral signifying the company. The field of officers’ epaulettes are also ordered to be dark green, with a gold numeral ⁽²⁶¹⁾.

29 January 1834 - In order to introduce uniformity to shako chin straps, it is ordered that they be of black Russian leather, 1/2 vershok [7/8 inch] wide, sewn to the left side of the shako underneath the lower reinforcement strap, flush, and fastened by a button sewn onto the right side of the shako above the lower reinforcement ⁽²⁶²⁾.

26 September 1834 - Lower ranks in Garrison Artillery companies are directed to wear the knapsack on two belts lying crosswise over the chest (Illus. 571) ⁽²⁶³⁾.

[13 October 1834 - The commander of the Kronstadt Artillery Garrison received an expression of HIGHEST gratitude for the zeal and efforts he showed in uniforming and training lower ranks of the Instructional Garrison Artillery Detachment [Uchebnaya Garnizonnaya Artilleriiskaya komanda] located in Kronstadt (Russkii Invalid, No. 267, 22 October 1834, page 1066).]

20 August 1835 - It is ordered that officers of Garrison Artillery companies and Mobile Arsenals wear the knapsack using only two shoulder belts, without any cross strap or chest strap, and for lower ranks a linen case [kholshchevyi chekhol] or pocket [karman] for the forage cap is to be put on the outside of the knapsack on the side that lies on the soldier’s back, these cases being made from the linings of wornout coats ⁽²⁶⁴⁾.

31 January 1836 - The lower ranks’ greatcoat [shinel] is to have nine buttons instead of ten, namely: six along the front opening, two on the shoulder straps, and one on the flaps behind ⁽²⁶⁵⁾.

27 April 1836 - Lower pompons [repeiki] are to be lined with black leather ⁽²⁶⁶⁾.

15 July 1837 - A new pattern of officers’ sash is approved, identical to that introduced at this time in the regiments of army infantry and cavalry and described above ⁽²⁶⁷⁾.

17 December 1837 - A new pattern of officers’ epaulette is approved, identical with that introduced at this time for other infantry troops, i.e. with the additon of a fourth twist of braid ⁽²⁶⁸⁾.

4 January 1839 - The pants and trousers of field and company-grade officers are not to have any bows or bands on the front, but are to have them completely plain in the manner prescribed for lower ranks ⁽²⁶⁹⁾.

16 March 1839 - Lower ranks’ swordbelts are to be 1 1/2 vershoks [2 5/8 inches] wide ⁽²⁷⁰⁾.

16 October 1840 -Lower ranks who have earned the right to discharge on indefinite leave but who voluntarily remain on active service after completing the regulation term of service are to be given gold or silver (according to the color of the buttons) galloon chevrons [shevrony] to be sewn onto the left sleeve, one for every five years of extra service ⁽²⁷¹⁾.

23 January 1841 - The capes of officers’ greatcoats are to be 28 inches long as measured from the lower edge of the collar ⁽²⁷²⁾.

26 November 1842 - Until a new uniform is approved, the Caucasus and Georgia Districts of Garrison Artillery are ordered to wear forage caps in place of the sheepskin headdress [shapka] ⁽²⁷³⁾.

16 January 1843 - To distinguish lower ranks who have committed transgressions and undergone punishments, thin sewn-on grey and black cords are established, on the same basis as related above for Line battalions ⁽²⁷⁴⁾.

21 February 1843 - The aforementioned grey and black cords are ordered to be worn on the shoulder straps below the cut-out number, on greatcoats as well as on dress coats ⁽²⁷⁵⁾.

8 April 1843 - A new model shako is approved for officers and lower ranks of the Garrison Artillery now wearing shakos (except the Caucasus and Georgia Districts). These new shakos are 4 3/4 vershoks [8 1/3 inches] high and curve slightly inward toward the bottom. (Illus. 572).

Along with this trim sewn onto the shoulder straps of sergeants and fireworkers is established, on the same basis as prescribed for these ranks in the Field Artillery ⁽²⁷⁶⁾.

2 January 1844 - Officers are to have a cockade on the cap band of the forage cap, identical to that introduced at this time for other branches (Illus. 573) ⁽²⁷⁷⁾.

9 May 1844 - In the Garrison Artillery shakos are replaced by helmets [kaski] identical to those established at this time for other infantry troops, without a plume and with the same badge as was on the shako (Illus. 574 and 575) ⁽²⁷⁸⁾.

20 May 1844 - With the general allocation of forage-cap particulars throughout the Army, lower ranks of the Garrison Artillery keep their caps as before—dark green with a black cloth band piped red along the edges, and with cut-out company numerals and a Cyrillic letter, backed by yellow cloth: for Garrison Artillery Company N^o 1—1.R., for Company N^o 2—2.R., for Laboratory Company N^o 3—3.L., etc. Arsenals and Powder works keep their initial letters as before, the same as prescribed for shoulder straps. Officers have the same forage caps but without numbers or letters and with a visor ⁽²⁷⁹⁾.

4 January 1845 - Officers’ helmets are to have, on the right side under the chin-scales, a cockade, of the pattern for the cockade used on hats (Illus. 576) ⁽²⁸⁰⁾.

6 February 1846 - The Garrison Artillery, Laboratory companies, and Arsenals are ordered to have helmets with a single-flame grenade above two crossed cannons (Illus. 577) ⁽²⁸¹⁾.

4 November 1846 - Commanders of Fortress Artillery administrations who belong to the Field Artillery are ordered to wear the same uniform prescribed for the Garrison Artillery officer under them, except that Commanders of such administrations, not belonging to any individual company, have epaulettes with a blank silver field ⁽²⁸²⁾.

19 May 1847 - With the new general directive concerning the colors for forage caps within the War Department [Voennoe vedomstvo, i.e. the entire army — M.C.], clerks [pisarya], medics [feldshera], and other lower ranks of the Garrison Artillery are prescribed caps with of the following colors:

a.) Laboratory companies—dark-green caps, without visors for fireworkers, but for privates with both visor and chin strap; black band with red piping around both edges and the cut-out company number and the Cyrillic letter L., backed by yellow cloth; red piping around the top of the cap.

b.) Power works and Arms factories—dark-green caps, without visors for fireworkers, but for privates with both visor and chin strap; black band with red piping around both edges and cut-out Cyrillic letters backed by yellow cloth:

      Powder Works:
Okhtensk . . . . . . O. Z.
   Shostensk . . . . . .Sh. Z.
   Kazan . . . . . . . . .K. Z.

Arms Factories:
Sestroretsk . . . . . S. Z.
Tula . . . . . . . . . . .T. Z.
Izhevsk . . . . . . . . I. Z.

Red piping around the top of the cap.

c.) Local Arsenals—dark-green caps, without visors for fireworkers, but for privates with both visor and chin strap; black band with red piping around both edges and cut-out Cyrillic letters backed by yellow cloth: St.-Petersburg Arsenal—P.A., Bryansk—B.A., Kazan—Ka.A., and Kiev—K.A. Red piping around the top of the cap.

d.) Mobile Arsenals—dark-green caps, without visors for fireworkers, but for privates with both visor and chin strap; black band with red piping around both edges and the cut-out Arsenal number and the Cyrillic letters P.A., backed by yellow cloth; red piping around the top of the cap.

e.) Arms factories—dark-green caps, without visors for fireworkers, but for privates with both visor and chin strap; black band with red piping around both edges; red piping around the top of the cap.

f.) Master craftsmen of Laboratory companies, Powder works, Arms factories, and Arsenals—the same pattern cap as for low ranks of these units; a fatigue cap [rabochaya shapka], however, of grey cloth.

g.) The Technical, Farrier, and Powder Schools—dark-green caps, without visors for fireworkers, but for lower ranks with both visor and chin strap; black band with red piping around both edges and cut-out letters backed by yellow cloth: Technical School—T.Sh. [“Tekhnicheskaya Shkola”]; Farrier School—K.Sh. [“Konoval'naya Shkola”]; Powder School—P.Sh. [“Porokhovaya Shkola”]; red piping around the top of the cap.

h.) For clerks [pisarya], ordnance workers [tseikhdinery], and ordnance clerks [tseikhshreibery] in Mobile Reserve parks, local Artillery parks, Artillery Garrisons, Laboratories, local Arsenals, Mobile Arsenals, Powder works, Arms factories, and Siege Artillery sections—dark-green caps with visors and chin straps; black band with red piping around both edges and cut-out numerals or letters backed by yellow cloth, as prescribed for combatants or craftsmen of these units; red piping around the top of the cap.

i.) Personnel holding a position as junior ordnance inspector [unter-tseikhvarter] within the Artillery administration—dark-green caps without visors; black band with red piping around both edges and the cut-out letter A. backed by yellow cloth; red piping around the top of the cap ⁽²⁸³⁾.

24 November 1847 - Unattached officers of the Garrison Artillery branch [chislyashchies' po Garnizonnoi Artillerii] are prescribed the uniform clothing of Garrison Artillery brigades, with the only differences being that instead of helmet and half-saber, they wear hats and rapiers and have epaulettes with a silver field, while buttons are without any Garrison brigade number (Illus. 578) ⁽²⁸⁴⁾.

24 November 1848 and 25 November 1849 - The Garrison Artillery in the Separate Caucasus Corps is prescribed the uniforms and equipment of 8 August, 23 September, 31 October, and 24 November 1848, and 25 November 1849, as described above in detail for Grenadier regiments (Illus. 579) ⁽²⁸⁵⁾.

1 September 1849 - Unattached field and company-grade officers of the Garrison Artillery branch are ordered to wear, instead of hats, helmets with the badge established for the Garrison Artillery, i.e. with silver mountings, no plume, and without any number on the grenade (Illus. 580) ⁽²⁸⁶⁾.

9 and 25 November 1849 - The manner of fitting the helmet is confirmed, as laid out in detail above for Grenadier regiments ⁽²⁸⁷⁾.

15 February 1850 - Officers are prescribed the same uniform and armament as were ordered for the forces of the Separate Caucasus Corps on 8 August 1848, and as described in detail above for Grenadier regiments, but with the appropriate differences in colors and trim, and also the following modifications:

a.) The top of the headdress has silver galloon that has a wide red stripe edged in black down the center, and along the edges of the galloon two narrow red stripes.

b.) On the half-caftan the collar is as it was on the former coat; cuffs of black cloth; red piping down the front and along the skirts, along the upper edge of the cuffs, and on the pocket flaps.

c.) Sharavary pants of dark-green cloth with the same piping as on the previous pants ⁽²⁸⁸⁾.

8 July 1851 - Approval is given to the drum, water flask, greatcoat strap, and sword belt as described and laid out in detail under this date for Grenadier regiments ⁽²⁸⁹⁾.

10 January 1852 - In district and local Arsenals, local Artillery parks, Powder works, Arms factories, and Cartridge establishments [Kapsyul'nyya zavedeniya], knapsacks with straps, water flasks, and greatcoat cases are withdrawn for lower ranks ⁽²⁹⁰⁾.

14July 1853 - For the Garrison Artillery Brigade of the Siberia District, which is prescribed the uniform of Field Artillery, helmet plates and buttons are ordered to be without numbers, but with the artillery insignia ⁽²⁹¹⁾.

8 May 1854 - Lower ranks of the Combined Battery of the Finland District’s Artillery Garrisons are ordered to have the Cyrillic letters S.B. [“Svodnaya Batareya”] on their forage caps, without any number ⁽²⁹²⁾.

Chapter XXVIII.

Garrison Engineers [Garnizonnye Inzhenery].
[Return to Contents]

11 February 1826 - Garrison Engineer officers, instead of dark-green pants with high boots and grey riding trousers with wide stripes, are given long dark-green pants with red piping on the side seams (Illus. 581) ⁽²⁹³⁾.

26 July 1826 - Garrison Engineer officers, during the summer, when officers in troop units are in summer pants with gaiters, are ordered to likewise wear summer pants, of the pattern established on 11 February for dark-green pants (Illus. 582) ⁽²⁹⁴⁾.

18 August 1826 - These officers, when performing inspections on work outside the capitals, are ordered to be in half-uniform [poluforma], i.e. in frock coat [syurtuk] with epaulettes, without a sword, and wearing the forage cap ⁽²⁹⁵⁾.

1 January 1827 - Garrison Engineer officers’ epaulettes are to have small forged and stamped gold stars as rank distinctions, of the same pattern and scheme as for the other infantry troops described above ⁽²⁹⁶⁾.

16 December 1829 - Garrison Engineer officers are to have the cuffs on their frock coats [syurtuki] are changed from black to dark green as previously, with red piping ⁽²⁹⁷⁾.

26 December 1829 - Garrison Engineer officers are directed to have the buttons on their coats, frock coats, and greatcoats made with the raised image of a small single-flame grenade ⁽²⁹⁸⁾.

8 June 1832 - Officers are permitted to wear moustaches ⁽²⁹⁹⁾.

15 July 1837 - A new pattern of officers’ sash is approved, identical to that introduced at this time for other branches and described above ⁽³⁰⁰⁾.

17 December 1837 - A new pattern of officers’ epaulette is approved, identical with that introduced at this time for other branches, i.e. with the additon of a fourth twist of braid ⁽³⁰¹⁾.

4 January 1839 - Officers’ pants and trousers are not to have any bows or bands on the front, but are to be completely plain in the manner prescribed for lower ranks ⁽³⁰²⁾.

23 January 1841 - The capes of officers’ greatcoats are to be 28 inches long as measured from the lower edge of the collar ⁽³⁰³⁾.

2 January 1844 - Officers are to have a cockade on the cap band of the forage cap ⁽³⁰⁴⁾.

2 February 1846 - Garrison Engineer officers are given helmets in place of hats, without plumes and with a badge of two crossed axes below a three-flame grenade (Illus 583) ⁽³⁰⁵⁾.

13 October 1849 - Instead of rapiers [shpagi], officers are ordered to carry half-sabers [polusabli] (Illus. 584) ⁽³⁰⁶⁾.

15 February 1850 - Field and company-grade officers are prescribed the same uniform and armament as were ordered for the forces of the Separate Caucasus Corps on 8 August 1848, and as described in detail above for Grenadier regiments, but with the appropriate differences in colors and trim, and also the following modifications:

a.) The top of the headdress has silver galloon that has a wide black stripe down the center, and along the edges of the galloon two narrow red stripes.

b.) On the half-caftan the collar is as it was on the former coat; cuffs without flaps, of black cloth; red cloth piping down the front to the bottom of the skirts, along the upper edge of the cuffs, and on the pocket flaps.

c.) Sharavary pants of dark-green cloth with the same piping as on the previous pants (Illus. 585) ⁽³⁰⁷⁾.

Chapter XXIX.

Military-Labor Companies of the Engineer Administration and Marine Construction Section
[Voenno-Rabochiya roty Inzhenernago Vedomstva i Morskoi Stroitel'noi chasti].
[Return to Contents]

11 February 1826 - Officers of Military-Labor companies of the Engineer administration, in place of their previous dark-green pants with high boots, and lower ranks, in place of their pants with knee gaiters [kragi], are given dark-green pants with red piping on the side seams. Lower ranks at all times, and company-grade officers only when in formation with sashes, are ordered to wear black cloth half-gaiters [polushtiblety] under these pants and over the boots, fastened with five or six small white buttons. Along with this change, the horizontal belt for the knapsack is to be between the two lower buttons on the front of the coat, while the greatcoat is carried on the knapsack rolled into a tube in its special oilskin case made of raven’s-duck [ravenduchnaya kleenka]. (Illus. 586) ⁽³⁰⁸⁾.

15 September 1826 - Lower ranks who have served out the regulation number of years yet voluntarily remain in service are ordered to wear a gold galloon chevron [nashivka iz zolotnago galuna] on the left sleeve, as related above for Garrison Artillery ⁽³⁰⁹⁾.

1 January 1827 - Officers’ epaulettes, in addition to any existing number on them, are to have little gold forged or stamped stars [kovannyya zvezdochki] as rank distinctions, of the same form and according to the same scheme as described above for other infantry troops ⁽³¹⁰⁾.

14 December 1827 - The chevrons established on 15 September 1826 for the left sleeves of lower ranks are ordered to be silver instead of gold, ⁽³¹¹⁾.

24 March 1828 - Lower ranks’ coats are not to be tailored with cinches [peretyazhki] ⁽³¹²⁾.

13 April 1828 - The newly established Military-Labor companies of the Marine Construction Section are prescribed the same uniforms and armament as Military-Labor companies of the Engineer Administration, with only the addition of white piping on the dress coat’s cuff flaps (Illus. 587) ⁽³¹³⁾.

24 April 1828 - Military-Labor companies are given a new model shako [kiver], identical to that intruduced at this time for other infantry troops, except without cords for lower ranks. The shako badge remains as before, i.e. two crossed spades (Illus. 587 and 588). Along with the new shako pattern there are the following changes:

1.) The sword-belt [portupeya] is prescribed to be 2 vershoks [3 1/2 inches ] wide; the shoulder belts for the knapsack [rantsevye plechevye remni] — 1 1/2 vershoks [2 5/8 inches]; and the belt across the chest [nagrudnyi remen] — 1 1/8 vershoks [2 inches].

2.) The knapsack is prescribed to be 9 vershoks [15 3/4 inches] broad, 8 vershoks [14 inches] high, and 2 vershoks [4 3/8 inches] wide. The length of the cover from the upper edge is 6 vershoks [10 1/2 inches].

3.) In place of their grey coats [mundiry], all non-combatant non-commissioned officers are issued with dark-green frock coats [syurtuki] with a single row of buttons and the same collar, cuffs, and shoulder straps as for combatant personnel. Pants, however, are grey with red piping on the side seams ⁽³¹⁴⁾.

10 August 1829 - Military-Labor companies in the Georgia Engineer District [Gruzinskii Inzhenernyi Okrug] are ordered have black sheepskin headdresses [ovchinnyya shapki] in place of the shako, identical to those introduced at this time for other infantry troops in the Separate Caucasus Corps, but without pompons and with the same badge as was on the shakos (Illus. 589) ⁽³¹⁵⁾.

29 November 1829 - Conductors are ordered to have the same sword knots as in Sapper and Pioneer battalions [lllus. 477] ⁽¹³⁾.

16 December 1829 - The black cuffs of officers’ frock coats in Military-Labor companies of the Engineer Administration are changed to dark green as before (the same color as the frock coat), with red piping ⁽³¹⁶⁾.

26 December 1829 - Officers and lower ranks of Military-Labor companies are directed to have their buttons made with the raised image two crossed spades and above them the company number ⁽³¹⁷⁾.

8 June 1832 - Officers are permitted to wear moustaches ⁽³¹⁸⁾.

3 January 1833 - Cloth half-gaiters [polushtiblety] are abolished for company-grade officers and lower ranks ⁽³¹⁹⁾.

20 February 1833 - In Military-Labor companies the summer pants with buttons and integral spats [kozyrki] are replaced by breeches without buttons or spats (Illus. 590) ⁽³²⁰⁾.

22 February 1833 - Field and company-grade officers are ordered not to use the hat, but rather wear the shako at all times ⁽³²¹⁾.

26 September 1834 - Lower ranks are directed to wear the knapsack on two belts lying crosswise over the chest ⁽³²³⁾.

18 April 1835 - Officers are ordered to carry, instead of a rapier [shpaga], the half-sabers [polusabli] prescribed for infantry officers ⁽³²⁴⁾.

20 August 1835 - It is ordered that:

1) Officers wear the knapsack using only two shoulder belts, without any cross strap or chest strap. These belts are to be lacquered.

3) For drummers the knapsack is to have one belt as before, worn over the left shoulder ⁽³²⁵⁾.

18 December 1835 - Buttons are ordered to be smooth in all Military-Labor companies of the Engineer Administration and Marine Construction Section ⁽³²⁶⁾.

27 April 1836 - Pompons are to be lined with black leather ⁽³²⁸⁾.

15 July 1837 - A new pattern of officers’sash [sharf] is confirmed, identical to that introduced at this time for other branches ⁽³²⁹⁾.

17 December 1837 - A new pattern for officers’ epaulettes is confirmed, identical to that introduced at this time for other branches and described above ⁽³³⁰⁾.

4 January 1839 - Field and company-grade officers are not to have any bows or bands [banty] on the front of their pants or trousers. These are to be worn completely smooth in the manner prescribed for lower ranks ⁽³³¹⁾.

16 March 1839 - Lower ranks’ sword-belts [portupei] are to be 1 1/2 vershoks [2 5/8 inches] wide, while drummers’ are 2 1/2 vershoks [4 2/5 inches], as before ⁽³³²⁾.

16 October 1840 - Lower ranks who voluntarily remain in service after completing the regulation period for retirement are to be given for subsequent service a sewn-on chevron of silver galloon to be worn on the left sleeve, one every five years that are served ⁽³³³⁾.

26 November 1842 - Until a new uniform is approved, Military-Labor companies in the Georgia Engineer District are to wear forage caps in place of the sheepskin headdress ⁽³³⁵⁾.

16 January 1843 - To distinguish lower ranks who have committed transgressions and undergone punishments, thin grey and black sewn-on cords [nashivki iz tonkago snurka] are established, on the same basis as related above for Line battalions ⁽³³⁶⁾.

21 February 1843 - The aforementioned grey and black cords are ordered to be sewn onto the shoulder straps of greatcoats as well as dress coats, below the cut-out number ⁽³³⁷⁾.

8 April 1843 - Officers and lower ranks of Military-Labor companies (except in the Georgia District) with shakos are ordered to have these according to a new pattern: 4 3/4 vershoks [8 1/3 inches] high and curving slightly inward toward the bottom (Illus. 592). Along with this, trim on the shoulder straps [nashivki na plechevye pogony] of sergeants [feldfebeli], non-commissioned officers [unter-ofitsery], and lance-corporals [yefreitory] is established following the same scheme as for these ranks in infantry regiments ⁽³³⁸⁾.

2 January 1844 - Officers are to have a cockade [kokarda] on the band of their forage caps, identical to that introduced at this time for other branches ⁽³³⁹⁾.

8 May 1844 - In Military-Labor companies (except in the Georgia District), shakos [kivera] are replaced by helmets [kaski], of the same pattern as established at this time for other infantry troops, without a plume, and with the same badge as was on the shako (Illus. 593 and 594) ⁽³⁴⁰⁾.

20 May 1844 - With the general allocation of forage-cap particulars throughout the Army, lower ranks of Military-Labor companies keep their caps as before—dark green with a black cloth band piped red along the edges, the same piping around the crown, and with cut-out company numerals and a Cyrillic letter, backed by yellow cloth: for Military-Labor Company N^o 1—1.R., for Company N^o 2—2.R., etc. Officers have the same forage caps but without numbers or letters and with a visor ⁽³⁴¹⁾.

4 January 1845 - Officers’ helmets are to have, on the right side under the chin-scales, a cockade, of the pattern used on hats (Illus. 595) ⁽³⁴²⁾.

15 February 1850 - Field and company-grade officers of Military-Labor companies of the Engineer Administration [in the Georgia District - M.C.], are prescribed the same uniforms and armament as ordered for troops of the Separate Caucasus Corps on 8 August 1848, but with the appropriate differences in colors and trim and also the following alterations:

a.) The top of the headdress has silver galloon with a wide black stripe down the center, and two narrow red stripes along the edges of the galloon.

b.) On the half-caftan the collar is as it was on the dress coat; cuffs are without flaps, of black cloth; red cloth piping around the collar, down the front to the bottom of the skirts, around the upper edge of the cuffs, and on the pocket flaps.

c.) Sharavary pants of dark-green cloth with red piping ⁽³⁴³⁾.

Chapter XXX.

Arsenal Companies of the Engineer Administration
[Arsenal'nyya roty Inzhenernago Vedomstva].
[Return to Contents]

9 February 1832 - With the establishment of Arsenal companies, they are prescribed the same uniforms and armaments as Military-Labor companies, with differences only in the epaulettes, shoulder straps, and bands of lower ranks’ forage caps, these being ordered to have: in Arsenal Company N^o 1— the numeral and letter 1.A., and in Arsenal Company N^o 2— the numeral and letter 2.A. ⁽³⁴⁴⁾. Also, on shakos the spades are replaced by axes (Illus. 596) ⁽³⁴⁵⁾.

13 March 1832 - With the disbanding of Company N^o 2, Company N^o 1 is ordered not to have any number, and consequently only the letter A. remains on epaulettes, shoulder straps, and forage caps ⁽³⁴⁶⁾. However, the changes that occured since 1832 in Military-Labor companies of the Engineer Administration were extended in equal force to Arsenal companies.

19 May 1847 - With the new general allocation of forage-cap colors throughout the Army, clerks, medics, and other lower ranks in Arsenal companies of the Engineer Administration are prescribed dark-green forage caps with a black band piped on both edges with red, and with the cut-out Cyrillic letters A.R. backed with yellow cloth. Piping around the crown—red ⁽³⁴⁷⁾.

21 July 1849 - Officers of Arsenal companies of the Engineer Administration are ordered to have the standard sapper dress coat and, in place of hats and rapiers, helmets and half-sabers. The plate on the helmet is to be of the sapper pattern, with two crossed axes, and on buttons and helmet plates—the Cyrillic letters I.A. ⁽³⁴⁸⁾.

Chapter XXXI.

Park Half-Companies of the Engineer Administration
[Parkovyya poluroty Inzhenernago Vedomstva].
[Return to Contents]

13 March 1842 - With the establishment of Park half-companies, they are prescribed the same uniforms and armaments as Military-Labor and Arsenal companies, with differences only in officer’ epaulettes and lower ranks’ shoulder straps and forage caps, which in Half-Company N^o 1 are ordered to have the numeral and Cyrillic letter 1.P., and in Half-Company N^o 2— the numeral and Cyrillic letter 2.P. ⁽³⁴⁹⁾.

19 May 1847 - Clerks, medics, and other lower ranks in Park half-companies of the Engineer Administration are prescribed dark-green forage caps with a black band piped on both edges with red, and with the cut-out N^o of the half-company and the Cyrillic letter P., backed with yellow cloth; red piping around the crown ⁽³⁵⁰⁾.

21 July 1849 - Officers of Park half-companies are ordered to have the standard sapper dress coat, helmets, and half-sabers. The plate on the helmet is to be of the sapper pattern, with two crossed axes, and on buttons and helmet plates—the same numerals and letters as on the epaulettes ⁽³⁵¹⁾.

Chapter XXXII.

Military-Labor Battalions and Companies of the Military Settlements Administration
[Voenno-Rabochiya bataliony i roty Vedomstva Voennykh Poselenii].
[Return to Contents]

11 February 1826 - Field and company-grade officers and lower combatant ranks of Military-Labor companies, in place of their previous dark-green pants with high boots, and lower ranks, in place of their similar pants with knee gaiters [kragi], are given dark-green pants with light-green piping on the side seams (Illus. 597). Lower ranks at all times, and company-grade officers only when in formation with sashes, are ordered to wear black cloth half-gaiters [polushtiblety] under these pants and over the boots, fastened with five or six small white buttons. Along with this change, the horizontal belt for the knapsack is ordered to be between the two lower buttons on the front of the coat ⁽³⁵²⁾.

24 April 1828 - Officers and lower ranks are given a new shako [kiver], identical to that intruduced at this time for Military-Labor companies of the Engineer Administration (Illus. 598) ⁽³⁵³⁾.

17 August 1829 - The 4th Company of Military-Labor Battalion N^o 1 (at the Caucasus Mineral Waters), for defense against bandit raids, are ordered to have muskets and retain their short swords [tesaki], which at this time are withdrawn from the other three companies of the battalion and all companies of Battalion N^o 2 ⁽³⁵⁴⁾.

26 December 1829 - Officers and lower ranks of Military-Labor Battalions are directed to have their buttons made with the raised image two crossed spades and above them the company number ⁽³⁵⁵⁾.

28 January 1832 - The newly established Military-Labor battalion in the Separate Caucasus Corps is ordered to have the same uniforms, armaments, and accouterments as other Military-Labor battalions, except that instead of shakos it is to be given forage caps of dark-green cloth with a black band, with light-green piping and a black chin strap fastening to a tin button sewn onto the band, and on buttons there are crossed shapes without a number (Illus. 599) ⁽⁵⁹⁹⁾.

7 August 1832 - In the Moscow Military-Labor Company [Moskovskaya Voenno-rabochaya rota], which has the same uniform as Military-Labor battalions, buttons are ordered to be smooth and shoulder straps have the Cyrillic letters M.V.R. ⁽³⁵⁷⁾.

8 April 1843 - Officers and lower ranks of Military-Labor battalions and Military-Labor companies of the Military Settlements Administration are given a new pattern shako that curves slightly inward toward the bottom, like those established at this time for other troops ⁽³⁵⁸⁾.

2 January 1844 - Officers are to have a cockade [kokarda] on the band of their forage caps, identical to that introduced at this time for other branches ⁽³⁵⁹⁾.

9 May 1844 - In Military-Labor battalions and Military-Labor companies of the Military Settlements Administration, shakos [kivera] are replaced by helmets [kaski], of the same pattern as established at this time for Military-Labor companies of the Engineer Administration and with the same badge (Illus. 600) ⁽³⁶⁰⁾.

4 January 1845 - Officers’ helmets are ordered to have a cockade as established at this time for officers’ helmets in other branches (Illus. 601) ⁽³⁶¹⁾.

In addition to the changes shown here, orders regarding Military-Labor companies of the Engineer Administration were extended in equal measure to Military-Labor battalions and Military-Labor companies of the Military Settlements Administration: 15 September 1826—on gold sewn-on chevrons; 1 January 1827—on small stars for epaulettes; 14 December 1827—on silver sewn-on chevrons; 24 March 1828—on not allowing cinches; 24 April 1828—on reducing the width of sword belts and knapsack straps, on changes in the knapsacks, and regarding uniforms for noncombatants; 16 December 1829—on cuffs on officers’ frock coats; 8 June 1832—on wearing moustaches; 3 January 1833—on abolishing gaiters on winter pants; 20 February 1833—on changing summer pants; 22 February 1833—on officers not wearing the sash; 26 September 1834—on the introduction of crossed belts for the knapsack; 20 August 1835—on knapsacks for officers and lower ranks; 31 January 1836—on greatcoat buttons; 27 April 1836—on shako pompons; 15 July 1837—on new-pattern officers’ sashes; 17 December 1837—on changing the pattern of officers’ epaulettes; 4 January 1839—on officers’ pants and breeches; 16 March 1839—on lower ranks’ accouterments; 16 October 1840—on sewn-on chevrons; 23 January 1841—on officers’ greatcoats; 16 January and 21 February 1843—on distinguishing lower ranks who have undergone punishments; and 8 April 1843—regarding trim on shoulder straps.

19 May 1847- Military-Labor battalions and companies of the Military Settlements Administration are ordered to have dark-green forage caps with a black band piped on both edges in light green, and with the cut-out company number and the Cyrillic letter R., backed by light-green cloth; light-green piping around the crown of the cap ⁽³⁶²⁾.

19 June 1847- The temporary labor company [vremennaya rabochaya rota] established on this date in the Novgorod District’s 5th Agricultural Soldiers’ Region is prescribed the same uniform as temporary labor companies in Cavalry Regions of the New-Russia Military Settlements ⁽³⁶³⁾.

13 October 1849 - Officers are ordered to carry infantry half-sabers instead of rapiers (Illus. 602) ⁽³⁶⁴⁾.

Chapter XXXIII.

Penal Companies of the Engineer Administration
[Arestantskiya roty Inzhenernago Vedomstva].
[Return to Contents]

a.) For officers and lower ranks:

9 February 1827 - Since the time Penal companies of the Engineer Administration were given numbers, officers and lower ranks of these companies had in all regards the same uniforms and armaments as officers and lower ranks of the Military-Labor companies of the same administration, except with axes on the shako instead of spades, with black lining on epaulettes and small cross straps instead of red, and with the company number and the letter A. on epaulettes and shoulder straps, viz.: 1 A., 2.A.I, etc. (Illus. 603). When with prisoners performing labor duties, officers as well as non-commissioned officers are prescribed canes [trosti] ⁽³⁶⁵⁾.

Furthermore, on 14 August 1834, lower ranks in Penal companies were ordered to not have any special work clothing [rabochaya odezhda] except short fur or fleece coats [polushubki] and mittens with liners [rukavitsy s varegami] ⁽³⁶⁶⁾.

b.) For convicts [arestanty]:

Since 1830 convicts were prescribed two kinds of clothing: winter—of peasant cloth, and summer—of raven’s duck, with the following differences according to grade:

1.) Convicts of the 1st grade (with definite sentences) [1-go razryada (srochnye)], winter clothing—grey jacket [kurtka] with two rows of buttons covered in the same, with black sleeves and cuffs and black quadrangles [chetyrekhugol'niki] on the back; grey pants (Illus. 604). [Note: in the plates, the “quadrangles” are shown mostly as a diamond shape but also as a square - M.C.]

2.) Convicts of the same grade, summer clothing—white jacket with two rows of buttons covered in the same, with black cuffs and a black quadrangle on the back; white pants. For summer as well as winter dress a forage cap of grey cloth was prescribed, with two black stripes sewn crosswise on the upper crown and then continuing to the lower edge of the cap band (Illus. 604).

3.) Convicts of the 2nd grade (vagrants [brodyagi]), winter clothing—grey jacket with a black quadrangle on the back; grey pants (Illus. 605).

4.) Convicts of the same grade, summer clothing—white jacket with black quadrangle on the back; white pants. Grey forage cap with four black rectangles on the sides between the cap band and top of the crown (Illus. 605).

5.) Convicts of the 3rd grade (with life sentences [vsegdashnie])—winter jacket and winter pants of the pattern for the preceding but the entire right side grey and the left side black (Illus. 606).

6.) Convicts of the same grade, summer clothing—white jacket with black flaps sewn onto the cuffs, and with a black circle on the back; white pants. The right half of the forage cap grey, the left black (Illus. 606).

Besides these distinctions, convicts of the 1st and 2nd grades have the front half of their heads shaved from one ear to the other, while convicts of the 3rd grade have the left side of their heads shaved from the back of the neck to the forehead.

Convicts of all three grades are prescribed black neckcloths ⁽³⁶⁷⁾.

15 February 1850 - Officers of Penal companies in the Caucasus are prescribed the same uniforms and armament as troops of the Separate Caucaus Corps were ordered to have on 8 August 1848, but with the appropriate differences in colors and trim and the following modifications:

a) The top of the headdress has silver galloon with a wide black stripe down the center, and two narrow red stripes along the edges of the galloon.

c.) Sharavary pants of dark-green cloth with the piping that was on the previous pants ⁽³⁶⁸⁾.

10 January 1852 - Knapsacks with their straps, water flasks, and greatcoat cases with straps are all withdrawn from lower ranks ⁽³⁶⁹⁾.

******************

NOTES.

(1) Collection of Laws and Directives, 1826, Book I, pg. 105.
(2) Ibid., Book III, pg. 161.
(3) Ibid., pg. 197.
(4) Ibid., pg. 255.
(5) Ibid., 1827, Book I, pg. 3.
(6) Ibid., pg. 153.
(7) Information received from the Department of the Marine Construction Section.
(8) Collection of Laws and Directives, 1827, Book IV, pg. 257.
(9) Ibid., 1828, Book I, pg. 211.
(10) Ibid., Book II, pp. 131 et seq.
(11) Ibid., 1829, Book II, pg. 221.
(12) Ibid., Book III, pg. 129, and information from the Commissariat Department of the War Ministry.
(13) Collection of Laws and Directives, 1830, Book IV, pg. 445.
(14) Ibid., 1829, Book IV, pg. 107.
(15) Ibid., pg. 223.
(16) Ibid., pg. 115.
(17) Collection of Laws and Directives, 1831, Book II, pg. 112, § 14, and information from the Commissariat Department of the War Ministry.
(18) Ibid., 1832, Book II, pg. 545
(19) Ibid., 1833, Book I, pg. 419.
(20) Ibid., pg. 463.
(21) Information from the Artillery Department of the War Ministry, and HIGHEST Confirmed model for short swords.
(22) Collection of Laws and Directives, 1834, Book III, pg. 465.
(23) Ibid., 1836, Book I, pg. 137.
(24) Information from the Commissariat Department of the War Ministry.
(25) Collection of Laws and Directives, 1837, Book III, pg. 47.
(26) Ibid., Book IV, pg. 325.
(27) Ibid., 1839, Book I, pg. 3.
(28) Ibid., pg. 179.
(29) Order of the Minister of War, 16 October 1840, N^o 60.
(30) Ibid., 23 January 1841, N^o 8.
(31) Ibid., 8 April 1843, N^o N^o 46 and 47.
(32) Ibid., 2 June 1843, N^o 78.
(33) Ibid., 2 January 1844, N^o 1.
(34) Ibid., 9 May 1844, N^oN^o 63 and 64.
(35) Ibid., 2 February 1846, N^o 26.
(36) Ibid., 9 January 1848, N^o 8.
(37) Ibid., 24 November 1849, N^o 197.
(38) Ibid., 13 October 1849, N^o 104.
(39) Ibid., 15 February 1850, N^o 13.
(40) Ibid., 29 April 1854, N^o 53.
(41) Ibid., 10 January 1852, N^o 4.
(42) Collection of Laws and Directives, 1826, Book I, pg. 105, and statements by persons who served in the Quartermaster Section at that time.
(43) Ibid., Book III, pg. 161.
(44) Collection of Laws and Directives, 1826, Book III, pg. 197.
(45) Ibid., 1827, Book I, pg. 3.
(46) Ibid., 1829, Book IV, pg. 115.
(47) HIGHEST Confirmed Regulation for the Military Academy, 4 October 1830, § 46.
(48) Collection of Laws and Directives, 1831, Book I, pg. 58.
(49) Ibid., Book II, pg. 39, and statements by persons who serviced in the General Staff.
(50) Collection of Laws and Directives, 1832, Book II, pg. 545.
(51) Ibid., 1837, Book III, pg. 47.
(52) Ibid., Book IV, pg. 325.
(53) Ibid., 1839, Book I, pg. 3.
(54) Order of the Minister of War, 23 January 1841, N^o 8.
(55) Ibid., 2 January 1844, N^o 1.
(56) Ibid., 7 December 1844, N^o 147.
(57) Ibid., 4 January 1845, N^o 1.
(58) Ibid., 9 January 1848, N^o 8.
(59) Ibid., 14 September 1849, N^o 88.
(60) Ibid., 13 October 1849, N^o 104.
(61) Ibid., 15 February 1850, N^o 13.
(62) Ibid., 16 October 1840, N^o 71.
(63) Ibid., 29 April 1854, N^o 53.
(64) Collection of Laws and Directives, 1826, Book I, pg. 105.
(65) Ibid., Book III, pg. 161.
(66) Ibid., pg. 197.
(67) Ibid., 1827, Book I, pg. 3.
(68) Ibid., 1828, Book II, pg. 131 et seq.
(69) Ibid., 1829, Book II, pg. 221.
(70) Ibid., Book IV, pg. 115.
(71) Ibid., 1830, Book II, pg. 95.
(72) Ibid., 1832, Book II, pg. 91.
(73) Ibid., pg. 521.
(74) Ibid., pg. 545.
(75) Ibid., 1835, Book I, pg. 41.
(76) Ibid., 1836, Book II, pg. 171.
(77) Ibid., 1837, Book III, pg. 47.
(78) Ibid., Book IV, pg. 325.
(79) Ibid., 1839, Book I, pg. 3.
(80) Order of the Minister of War, 16 October 1840, N^o 71.
(81) Ibid., 23 January 1841, N^o 8.
(82) Ibid., 8 April 1841, N^o N^o 44 and 46.
(83) Ibid., 2 June 1843, N^o 78.
(84) Ibid., 2 January 1844, N^o 1.
(85) Ibid., 3 March 1844, N^o 27.
(86) Ibid., 11 October 1844, N^o 124.
(87) Ibid., 7 December 1844, N^o 147.
(88) Ibid., 4 January 1845, N^o 1.
(89) Ibid., 18 January 1845, N^o 11.
(90) Ukase to the Senate, 9 October 1846.
(91) Order of the Minister of War, 16 December 1847, N^o 196.
(92) Ibid., 9 January 1848, N^o 8.
(93) Ibid., 13 October 1849, N^o 104.
(94) Ibid., 15 February 1850, N^o 13.
(95) Ibid., 4 March 1851, N^o 24.
(96) Collection of Laws and Directives, 1826, Book I, pgs. 105 and 125.
(97) Ibid., Book III, pg. 255.
(98) Ibid., 1827, Book I, pg. 3.
(99) Ibid., Book IV, pg. 257.
(100) Ibid., 1828, Book II, pg. 211.
(101) Ibid., Book II, pg. 131 et seq.
(102) Ibid., pg. 51.
(103) Ibid., Book III, pg. 129, and information from the Commissariat Department of the War Ministry.
(104) Collection of Laws and Directives, 1829, Book IV, pg. 3.
(105) Ibid., pg. 107.
(106) Information from the Commissariat Department of the War Ministry.
(107) Collection of Laws and Directives, 1830, Book III, pg. 179.
(108) Ibid., Book IV, pg. 223.
(109) Ibid., 1831, Book I, pg. 49.
(110) Ibid., 1832, Book II, pg. 545.
(111) Ibid., 1833, Book I, pg. 419.
(112) Ibid., pg. 435.
(113) Ibid., pg. 463.
(114) Ibid., 1833, Book I, pg. 465.
(115) Ibid., 1835, Book I, pg. 197.
(116) Ibid., pg. 95.
(117) Ibid., Book III, pg. 147.
(118) Ibid., Book III, pg. 465.
(119) Ibid., 1835, Book III, pg. 10.
(120) Ibid., pg. 179.
(121) Ibid., 1836, Book I, pg. 137.
(122) Ibid., pg. 37.
(123) Ibid., pg. 147.
(124) Ibid., Book II, pg. 171.
(125) Ibid., 1837, Book I, pg. 353.
(126) Ibid., Book III, pg. 47.
(127) Ibid., Book IV, pg. 325.
(128) Ibid., 1839, Book I, pg. 3.
(129) Ibid., pg. 179.
(130) Order of the Minister of War, 16 October 1840, N^o 71.
(131) Ibid., 23 January 1841, N^o 8.
(132) Ibid., 19 March 1841, N^o 23.
(133) Archive of the Inspection Department of the War Ministry, correspondence for 1842, Sect. 2, 2nd Desk, N^o 365.
(134) Order of the Minister of War, 16 January 1843, N^o 6.
(135) Ibid., 21 February 1843, N^o 24.
(136) Ibid., 8 April 1843, N^oN^o 46 and 47.
(137) Ibid., 10 May 1843, N^o 63.
(138) Ibid., 2 Janurary 1844, N^o 1.
(139) Ibid., 9 May 1844, N^o 63.
(140) Ibid., 4 January 1845, N^o 1.
(141) Ibid., 8 March 1847, N^o 46.
(142) Orders of the Minister of War: 8 August, 23 September, 31 October, and 24 November 1848, N^oN^o 148, 163, 184, and 197, and 25 November 1849, N^o 118.
(143) Order of the Minister of War, 28 April 1849, N^o 34.
(144) Orders of the Minister of War: 9 and 25 November 1849, N^oN^o 110 and 117.
(145) Order of the Minister of War, 17 January 1851, N^o 7.
(146) Ibid., 13 December 1851, N^o 7.
(147) Ibid., 20 October 1851, N^o 120.
(148) Ibid., 26 January 1852, N^o 15.
(149) Ibid., 3 January 1853, N^o 3.
(150) Ibid., 29 April 1854, N^o 53.
(151) Collection of Laws and Directives, 1826, Book I, pgs. 105 and 125.
(152) Ibid., Book III, pg. 255.
(153) Ibid., 1827, Book I, pg. 3.
(154) Ibid., Book IV, pg. 257.
(155) Ibid., 1828, Book I, pg. 211.
(156) Ibid., Book II, pg. 131 et seq.
(157) Ibid., 1829, Book III, pgs. 321-323.
(158) Ibid., Book IV, pg. 3.
(159) Ibid., pg. 107.
(160) Ibid., 1830, Book III, pg. 179.
(161) Ibid., 1832, Book II, pg. 481.
(162) Ibid., pg. 545.
(163) Ibid., 1833, Book I, pg. 419.
(164) Ibid., pg. 3.
(165) Ibid., pg. 435.
(166) Ibid., pg. 463.
(167) Ibid., pg. 465.
(168) Ibid., 1834, Book I, pg. 197.
(169) Ibid., Book III, pg. 465.
(170) Ibid., 1835, Book III, pg. 179.
(171) Ibid., 1836, Book I, pg. 137.
(172) Ibid., Book II, pg. 171.
(173) Ibid., 1837, Book III, pg. 47.
(174) Ibid., Book IV, pg. 325.
(175) Ibid., 1839, Book I, pg. 3.
(176) Ibid., pg. 171.
(177) Ibid., pg. 179.
(178) Order of the Minister of War, 16 October 1840, N^o 71.
(179) Ibid., 23 January 1841, N^o 8.
(180) Ibid., 19 March 1841, N^o 23.
(181) Ibid., 16 January 1843, N^o 6.
(182) Ibid., 21 February 1843, N^o 24.
(183) Ibid., 8 April 1843, N^oN^o 46 and 47.
(184) Ibid., 10 May 1843, N^o 63.
(185) Ibid., 2 January 1844, N^o 1.
(186) Ibid., 9 May 1844, N^o 63.
(187) Ibid., 4 January 1845, N^o 1.
(188) Correspondence of HIS IMPERIAL MAJEST’S Main Staff with the Commander of the Separate Corps of the Internal Guard, 30 March 1845, N^o 2885.
(189) Order of the Minister of War, 8 March 1847, N^o 46.
(190) Orders of the Minister of War, 9 and 25 November 1849, N^oN^o 110 and 117.
(191) Order of the Minister of War, 17 January 1851, N^o 7.
(192) Ibid., 13 December 1851, N^o 134.
(193) Ibid., 26 January 1852, N^o 15.
(194) Ibid., 3 January 1853, N^o 3.
(195) Ibid., 29 April 1854, N^o 53.
(196) Collection of Laws and Directives, 1826, Book I, pgs. 105 and 125.
(197) Ibid., Book II, pg. 76.
(198) Ibid., Book III, pg. 255.
(199) Ibid., 1827, Book I, pg. 3.
(200) Ibid., 1828, Book I, pg. 211.
(201) Ibid., Book II, pg. 131 et seq.
(202) Ibid., 1829, Book, III, pg. 129.
(203) Ibid., Book IV, pg. 3.
(204) Ibid., 1830, Book III, pg. 179.
(205) Ibid., 1832, Book II, pg. 545.
(206) Ibid., 1833, Book I, pg. 419.
(207) Ibid., pg. 435.
(208) Ibid., pg. 463.
(209) Ibid., pg. 465.
(210) Ibid., 1834, Book I, pg. 197.
(211) Ibid., Book III, pg. 465.
(212) Ibid., 1835, Book III, pg. 179.
(213) Ibid., 1836, Book I, pg. 137.
(214) Ibid., Book II, pg. 171.
(215) Ibid., 1837, Book III, pg. 47.
(216) Ibid., Book IV, pg. 325.
(217) Ibid., 1839, Book I, pg. 3.
(218) Ibid., pg. 179.
(219) Order of the Minister of War, 16 October 1840, N^o 71.
(220) Ibid., 23 January 1841, N^o 8.
(221) Ibid., 19 March 1841, N^o 23.
(222) Archive of the Inspection Department of the War Ministry, correspondence for 1842, Sect. 2, 2nd Desk, N^o 365.
(223) Order of the Minister of War, 8 April 1843, N^oN^o 46 and 47.
(224) Ibid., 10 May 1843, N^o 63.
(225) Ibid., 2 January 1844, N^o 1.
(226) Ibid., 9 May 1844, N^o 1.
(227) Ibid., 4 January 1845, N^o 1.
(228) Ibid., 8 March 1847, N^o 46.
(229) Ibid., 8 August 1848, N^o 148.
(230) Orders of the Minister of War, 9 and 25 November 1849, N^oN^o 110 and 117.
(231) Order of the Minister of War, 17 January 1851, N^o 7.
(232) Ibid., 13 December 1851, N^o 134.
(233) Archive of the Inspection Department of the War Ministry, correspondence of Sect. 2, 3rd Desk, N^o 163, part 4, sheets 20, 129, 81, and 140.
(234) Information from the Commissariat Department of the War Ministry.
(235) Description of uniforms and weapons for officers of the IMPERIAL Russian Army, St. Petersburg, 1845, Book III, pgs. 281 and 282, and information from the Commissariat Department of the War Ministry.
(236) Collection of Laws and Directives, 1838, Book II, pg. 217.
(237) Order of the Minister of War, 9 May 1844, N^o 63.
(238) Information from the Commissariat Department of the War Ministry.
(239) Information from the same Department.
(240) Collection of Laws and Directives, 1829, Book IV, pg. 3.
(241) Order of the Minister of War, 30 June 1853, N^o 45.
(242) Collection of Laws and Directives, 1826, Book I, pg. 105.
(243) Ibid., Book II, pg. 76.
(244) Ibid., Book III, pg. 303.
(245) Information from the Commissariat Department of the War Ministry.
(246) Collection of Laws and Directives, 1826, Book III, pg. 255.
(247) Ibid., 1827, Book I, pg. 3.
(248) Ibid., Book IV, pg. 257.
(249) Ibid., 1828, Book I, pg. 211.
(250) Information from the Commissariat Department of the War Ministry.
(251) Collection of Laws and Directives, 1829, Book III, pg. 129, and information from the Commissariat Department of the War Ministry.
(252) Collection of Laws and Directives, 1829, Book VI, pg. 107.
(253) Ibid., 1830, Book I, pg. 103.
(254) Ibid., 1832, Book II, pg. 545.
(255) Ibid., Book IV, pg. 125.
(256) Ibid., 1833, Book I, pg. 419.
(257) Ibid., pg. 463.
(258) Ibid., pg. 465.
(259) Ibid., Book III, pg. 207.
(260) Ibid., Book IV, pg. 53.
(261) Ibid., 1834, Book I, pg. 193.
(262) Ibid., pg. 197.
(263) Ibid., Book III, pg. 465.
(264) Ibid., 1835, Book III, pg. 179.
(265) Ibid., 1836, Book I, pg. 137.
(266) Ibid., Book II, pg. 171.
(267) Ibid., 1837, Book III, pg. 47.
(268) Ibid., Book IV, pg. 325.
(269) Ibid., 1839, Book I, pg. 3.
(270) Ibid., pg. 179.
(271) Order of the Minister of War, 16 October 1840, N^o 71.
(272) Ibid., 23 January 1841, N^o 8.
(273) Archive of the Inspection Department of the War Ministry, correspondence for 1842, Sect. 2, 2nd Desk, N^o 365.
(274) Order of the Minister of War, 16 January 1843, N^o 6.
(275) Ibid., 21 February 1843, N^o 24.
(276) Ibid., 8 April 1843, N^oN^o 46 and 47.
(277) Ibid., 2 January 1844, N^o 1.
(278) Ibid., 9 May 1844, N^o 63.
(279) Ibid., 20 May 1844, N^o 69.
(280) Ibid., 4 January 1845, N^o 1.
(281) Ibid., 6 February 1846, N^o 33.
(282) Correspondence of the Minister of War with His Highness’s Chief of Staff for the Master-General of Ordance [General-Fel'dtseikhmeister], 4 November 1846, N^o 10112.
(283) Order of the Minister of War, 19 May 1847, N^o 86.
(284) Correspondence of the Minister of War with His Highness’s Chief of Staff for the Master-General of Ordance [General-Fel'dtseikhmeister], 24 November 1847, N^o 10638.
(285) Orders of the Minister of War, 24 November 1848, N^o 179, and 25 November 1849, N^o 118.
(286) Order of the Minister of War, 1 September 1849, N^o 84.
(287) Orders of the Minister of War, 9 and 25 November 1849, N^oN^o 110 and 117.
(288) Order of the Minister of War, 15 February 1850, N^o 13.
(289) Ibid., 13 December 1851, N^o 134.
(290) Ibid., 10 January 1852, N^o 4, § 45.
(291) Ibid., 14 July 1853, N^o 53.
(292) HIGHEST order to the Inspector of All Artillery, 8 May 1854, N^o 5232.
(293) Collection of Laws and Directives, 1826, Book I, pg. 105.
(294) Ibid., Book III, pg. 161.
(295) Ibid., pg. 197.
(296) Ibid., 1827, Book I, pg. 3.
(297) Ibid., 1829, Book IV, pg. 107.
(298) Ibid., pg. 118.
(299) Ibid., 1832, Book II, pg. 545.
(300) Ibid., 1837, Book III, pg. 47.
(301) Ibid., Book IV, pg. 325.
(302) Ibid., 1839, Book I, pg. 3.
(303) Order of the Minister of War, 23 January 1841, N^o 8.
(304) Ibid., 2 January 1844, N^o 1.
(305) Ibid., 2 February 1846, N^o 26.
(306) Ibid., 13 October 1849, N^o 104.
(307) Ibid., 15 February 1850, N^o 13.
(308) Collection of Laws and Directives, 1826, Book I, pg. 105.
(309) Ibid., Book III, pg. 255.
(310) Ibid., 1827, Book I, pg. 3.
(311) Ibid., Book IV, pg. 257.
(312) Ibid., 1828, Book I, pg. 211.
(313) Ibid., Book II, pg. 55, § 6.
(314) Ibid., pgs. 131 et seq.
(315) Ibid., 1829, Book III, pg. 129.
(316) Ibid., Book IV, pg. 107.
(317) Ibid., pg. 118.
(318) Ibid., 1832, Book II, pg. 545.
(319) Ibid., 1833, Book I, pg. 419.
(320) Ibid., pg. 463.
(321) Ibid., pg. 465.
(322) Ibid., 1834, Book I, pg. 197.
(323) Ibid., Book III, pg. 465.
(324) Ibid., 1835, Book II, pg. 281.
(325) Ibid., Book III, pg. 10.
(326) Ibid., Book IV, pg. 197.
(327) Ibid., 1836, Book I, pg. 137.
(328) Ibid., Book II, pg. 171.
(329) Ibid., Book III, pg. 47.
(330) Collection of Laws and Directives, 1836, Book IV pg. 325.
(331) Ibid., 1839, Book I, N^o 3.
(332) Ibid., pg. 179.
(333) Order of the Minister of War, 16 October 1840, N^o 71.
(334) Ibid., 23 January 1841, N^o 8.
(335) Archive of the Inspection Department of the War Ministry, correspondence for 1842, Sect. 2, 2nd Desk, N^o 365.
(336) Order of the Minister of War, 16 January 1843, N^o 6.
(337) Ibid., 21 February 1843, N^o 24.
(338) Ibid., 8 April 1843, N^oN^o 46 and 47.
(339) Ibid., 2 January 1844, N^o 1.
(340) Ibid., 9 May 1844, N^o 63.
(341) Ibid., 20 May 1844, N^o 69.
(342) Ibid., 4 January 1845, N^o 1.
(343) Ibid., 15 February 1850, N^o 13.
(344) Collection of Laws and Directives, 1832, Book I, pg. 91.
(345) Information from the Commissariat Department of the War Ministry.
(346) Order of the Minister of War, 13 March 1842, N^o 22, § 7.
(347) Ibid., 19 March 1847, N^o 86.
(348) Ibid., 21 July 1849, N^o 66.
(349) Ibid., 13 March 1842, N^o 22, § 7.
(350) Ibid., 19 March 1847, N^o 86.
(351) Ibid., 21 July 1849, N^o 66.
(352) Collection of Laws and Directives, 1826, Book I, pg. 105.
(353) Ibid., Book II, pg. 131 et seq.
(354) Ibid., 1830, Book I, pg. 109.
(355) Ibid., 1829, Book IV, pg. 118.
(356) Ibid., 1832, Book II, pg. 105 et seq.
(357) Ibid., Book III, pg. 395.
(358) Order of the Minister of War, 8 April 1843, N^o 46 .
(359) Ibid., 2 January 1844, N^o 1.
(360) Ibid., 9 May 1844, N^o 63.
(361) Ibid., 4 January 1845, N^o 1.
(362) Ibid., 19 May 1847, N^o 86.
(363) Ibid., 19 July 1847, N^o 105.
(364) Ibid., 13 October 1849, N^o 104.
(365) Information from the Commissariat Department of the War Ministry.
(366) Collection of Laws and Directives, 1834, Book III, pg. 439.
(367) Information received from Penal companies.
(368) Order of the Minister of War, 15 February 1850, N^o 13.
(369) Ibid., 10 January 1852, N^o 4, § 45.

END OF VOLUME TWENTY-THREE

[End of translation.]