HISTORICAL DESCRIPTION
OF THE
CLOTHING AND
ARMS OF THE RUSSIAN ARMY
VOLUME 20
Carabiniers,
Jägers, Rifles, and Cuirassiers
1825-1855
A.V. VISKOVATOV
Compiled by HIGHEST direction
Saint Petersburg, Military Typography Office, 1861
[TRANSLATED BY MARK CONRAD, 1993.]
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Changes in the uniform and arms of the army from 20 November, 1825, to 18 February, 1855:
CONTENTS
III. Carabinier Regiments
[Notes by the translator.]
IV. Jäger Regiments.
[ Notes by the translator.]
V. Rifle Battalions.
[Notes by the translator.]
VI. Cuirassier Regiments.
[Notes by the translator.]
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ALEKSANDR VASILEVICH VISKOVATOV (pronounced vi-sko-VA-tof), born April 22nd (May 4th New Style) 1804, died February 27th (March 11th) 1858 in St. Petersburg, Russian military historian. He graduated from the 1st Cadet Corps and served in the artillery, the hydrographic depot of the Naval Ministry, and then in the Department of Military Educational Establishments. He mainly studied historical artifacts and the histories of military units. Viskovatov's greatest work was the Historical Description of the Clothing and Arms of the Russian Army (Vols. 1-30, St. Petersburg, 1841-62; 2nd ed. Vols. 1-34, St. Petersburg-Novibirsk-Leningrad, 1899-1948). This work is based on a great quantity of archival documents and contains four thousand colored illustrations. Viskovatov was the author of Chronicles of the Russian Armv (Books 1-20, St. Petersburg, 1834-42) and Chronicles of the Russian Imperial Army (Parts 1-7, St. Petersburg, 1852). He collected valuable material on the history of the Russian navy which went into A Short Overview of Russian Naval Campaigns and General Voyages to the End of the XVII Century (St. Petersburg, 1864; 2nd edition Moscow, 1946). Together with A. I. Mikhailovskii-Danilevskii he helped prepare and create the Military Gallery in the Winter Palace. He wrote the historical military inscriptions for the walls of the Hall of St. George in the Great Palace of the Kremlin. [From the biographical article in The Soviet Military Encyclopedia.]
Translator's note: These are full and complete translations of Viskovatov's greatest work and as such follow the original style and organization. I used microfilm made from original volumes held by the New York Public Library, the Anne S. K. Brown Collection of Brown University, and the Library of Congress. All these have monochrome plates, and I know of no colored versions outside Russia. Underneath each plate are the words "Imp Lemercier Paris" and sometimes the name of the artist for that particular illustration. I have no reason to think that Viskovatov himself created any of the individual plates or was in any way an artist. Indeed, variations in style and the ways of depicting finer details like lace and insignia are explained by the fact that at least half a dozen illustrators worked on this project. Using microfilm copies enabled me to trace the illustrations and finish them as line drawings, making some details more clear. The original appearance of the illustrations can be judged from examples in the Osprey Men-at-Arms series.
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106. Carabinier. Carabinier Regiments. 1826-1828.
107. Company-grade Officer. Jäger Companies of Carabinier Regiments. 1826-1828.
108. Company-grade Officer and Non-commissioned Officer. Carabinier Companies of Carabinier Regiments. 1826-1828.
109. Field-grade Officer. Carabinier Regiments. 1826-1828.
110. Carabinier. Nesvizh Carabinier Regiment. 1828-1831.
111. Company-grade Officer. Carabinier Companies of Carabinier Regiments. 1828-1833.
112. Drummer. Erivan Carabinier Regiment. 1829-1833.
113. Field-grade Officer. Erivan Carabinier Regiment. 1830-1834.
114. Non-commissioned Officer. Carabinier Regiments. 1833-1843.
115. Company-grade Officer. Carabinier Companies of Carabinier Regiments. 1833-1843.
116. Carabinier. Carabinier Regiments. 1835-1843.
117. Company-grade Officer. Carabinier Companies of Carabinier Regiments. 1835-1843.
118. Company-grade Officer and Non-commissioned Officer. Carabinier Companies of Carabinier Regiments. 1843 and 1844.
119. Officer's Epaulette and Lower Rank's Shoulder Strap of Gross-Herzog Frederick of Mecklenburg's Carabinier Regiment, confirmed 19 June 1843.
120. Private and Musician. Carabinier Regiments. 1844-1846.
121. Company-grade Officer. Carabinier Regiments. 1844.
122. Field-grade Officer. Carabinier Regiments. 1845-1849.
123. Non-commissioned Officer. Carabinier Regiments. 1846-1849.
124. Private. Erivan Carabinier Regiment. 1848-1850.
125. Company-grade Officer. Erivan Carabinier Regiment. 1848-1850.
126. Bugler. Carabinier Regiments. 1849-1855.
127. Field-grade Officer. HIS IMPERIAL HIGHNESS THE HEREDITARY TSESAREVICH'S Erivan Carabinier Regiment. 1850-1855.
128. Officer's Epaulette and Lower Rank's Shoulder Strap of HIS IMPERIAL HIGHNESS THE HEREDITARY TSESAREVICH'S Erivan Carabinier Regiment, confirmed 11 February 1851.
129. Non-combatant. Carabinier Regiments. 1852-1855.
130. Company-grade Officer. Carabinier Regiments. 1854 and 1855.
131. Private and Company-grade Officer. Jäger Companies of Jäger Regiments. 1826-1828.
132. Drummer. Jäger Companies of Jäger Regiments. 1826-1828.
133. Company-grade Officer. Jäger Regiments of the Lithuania Corps. 1826-1828.
134. Adjutant. Jäger Regiments. 1826-1828.
135. Private. Jäger Companies of Jäger Regiments. 1828-1833.
136. Private. Jäger Regiments of the Caucasus Corps. 1829-1834.
137. Field-grade Officer. Jäger Regiments. 1830-1843.
138. Carabinier. Jäger Regiments. 1833-1843.
139. Company-grade Officer. Jäger Companies of Jäger Regiments. 1833-1843.
140. Company-grade Officer and Non-commissioned Officer. Jäger Regiments. Off. 1833-1843. NCO 1833-1846.
141. Private. Jäger Companies of Jäger Regiments. 1835-1843.
142. Company-grade Officer. Jäger Regiments. 1835-1844.
143. Non-commissioned Officer. Jäger Companies of Jäger Regiments. 1843 and 1844.
144. Private. Jäger Regiments. 1844-1846.
145. Field-grade Officer. HIS IMPERIAL HIGHNESS THE HEREDITARY TSESAREVICH'S Borodino Jäger Regiment. 1845-1849.
146. Non-commissioned Officer. Jäger Regiments. 1846-1849.
147. Non-commissioned Officer. Jäger Regiments of the Independent Caucasus Corps. 1848-1855.
148. Company-grade Officer. Jäger Regiments of the Independent Caucasus Corps. 1848-1855.
149. Private. Jäger Regiments. 1851-1855.
150. Officer's Epaulette and Lower Rank's Shoulder Strap of His Royal Highness Prince Albert of Saxony's Jäger Regiment, confirmed 28 August 1852.
151. Private and Company-grade Officer. Grenadier Rifle Battalion. 1834.
152. Company-grade Officer and Field-grade Officer. Grenadier Rifle Battalion. 1834.
153. Rifle for Rifle Battalions, confirmed 7 January 1834.
154. Hornist. Grenadier Rifle Battalion. 1834-1843.
155. Non-commissioned Officer. 1st Rifle Battalion. 1834-1840.
156. Company-grade Officer. 1st Rifle Battalion. 1837-1840.
157. Private. 2nd Rifle Battalion. From 1840 on.
158. Company-grade Officer and Private. Rifle Battalions. 1843-1844.
159. Non-commissioned Officer and Company-grade Officer. Caucasus Rifle Battalion. 1843-1846.
160. Field-grade Officer. 1st Rifle Battalion. 1845-1849.
161. Private and Company-grade Officer. Finnish Rifle Battalion. 1846-1848.
162. Non-commissioned Officer. Grenadier Rifle Battalion. 1848-1855.
163. Company-grade Officer. Grenadier Rifle Battalion. 1848-1855.
164. Private. Caucasus Rifle Battalion. 1848-1855.
165. Company-grade Officer. Caucasus Rifle Battalion. 1848-1855.
166. Bugler. Caucasus Rifle Battalion. 1849-1855.
167. Ammunition Carrier for Lower Ranks of the Caucasus Rifle Battalion, confirmed 21 March 1851.
168. Adjutant. Rifle Battalions. 1854 and 1855.
169. Private. Settled Finnish Rifle Battalions. 1854 and 1855.
170. Helmet Plate of the Settled Finnish Rifle Battalions, confirmed 3 July 1854.
171. Private. Yekaterinoslav Cuirassier Regiment. 1826 and 1827.
172. Non-commissioned Officer. Glukhov Cuirassier Regiment. 1826 and 1827.
173. Trumpeter. Astrakhan Cuirassier Regiment. 1826 and 1827.
174. Company-grade Officer and Non-commissioned Officer. Pskov Cuirassier Regiment. 1826 and 1827.
175. Field-grade Officer. Order Cuirassier Regiment. 1826 and 1827.
176. Company-grade Officer. Starodub Cuirassier Regiment. 1826 and 1827.
177. Staff-Trumpeter. Little Russian Cuirassier Regiment. 1826 and 1827.
178. Private. Novgorod Cuirassier Regiment. 1826 and 1827.
179. Cuirassier Helmet, confirmed 9 May 1827.
180. Company-grade Officer. Glukhov Cuirassier Regiment. 1827-1835.
181. Non-commissioned Officer and Private. Yekaterinoslav and Order Cuirassier Regiments. 1827-1835.
182. Non-combatant Non-commissioned Officers and Master Craftsman. Yekaterinoslav and Little Russian Cuirassier Regiments. From 1828 on.
183. Field-grade Officer. Pskov Cuirassier Regiment. 1829-1833.
184. Helmet Plate for Prince Albert of Prussia's Cuirassier Regiment, with the inscription "For Distinction," awarded 6 December 1831.
185. Private. Yekaterinoslav Cuirassier Regiment. 1831-1834.
186. Lance Pennons of Cuirassier Regiments, confirmed 8 December 1831.
187. Non-commissioned Officer. Astrakhan Cuirassier Regiment. 1834-1835.
188. Company-grade Officer. Prince Albert of Prussia's Cuirassier Regiment. 1834.
189. Field-grade Officer and Non-commissioned Officer. HER IMPERIAL HIGHNESS THE GRAND DUCHESS HELEN PAVLOVICH'S Cuirassier Regiment. 1834.
190. Private. Yekaterinoslav Cuirassier Regiment. 1834.
191. Private. Astrakhan Cuirassier Regiment. 1834 and 1835.
192. Cuirassier Helmet, confirmed 4 February 1835.
193. Private. HIS IMPERIAL HIGHNESS THE GRAND DUKE MICHAEL PAVLOVICH'S Cuirassier Regiment. 1835.
194. Trumpeter. Starodub Cuirassier Regiment. 1836-1838.
195. Trumpeter. Order Cuirassier Regiment. From 1838 on.
196. Company-grade Officers. THEIR IMPERIAL HIGHNESSES THE GRAND DUCHESS MARY NIKOLAEVNA'S, THE GRAND DUKE MICHAEL PAVLOVICH'S, AND THE GRAND DUCHESS HELEN PAVLOVICH'S Cuirassier Regiments. 1838-1845.
197. Private. Pskov Cuirassier Regiment. 1838-1844.
198. Cuirassier Lance, confirmed 31 January 1843.
199. Private. Prince Albert of Prussia's Cuirassier Regiment. 1844 and 1845.
200. Cuirassier Helmet, confirmed 27 January 1845.
201. Non-commissioned Officer and Trumpeter. HIS IMPERIAL HIGHNESS THE GRAND DUKE MICHAEL PAVLOVICH'S Cuirassier Regiment. 1845.
202. Field-grade Officer. Order Cuirassier Regiment. 1845.
203. Fitting of the Pioneer Axe onto the Cuirassier Saddle, confirmed 15 November 1845.
204. Officer's and Soldier's Helmets of Regiments of the 1st Cuirassier Division, confirmed 2 February 1846.
205. Officer's and Soldier's Helmets of Regiments of the 2nd Cuirassier Division, confirmed 2 February 1846.
206. Trumpeter and Company-grade Officer. HER IMPERIAL HIGHNESS THE GRAND DUCHESS ALEXANDRA IOSIFOVNA'S and Prince Albert of Prussia's Cuirassier Regiments. 1846-1855.
207. Soldier's and Officer's Cuirasses of the Regiments of the 1st Cuirassier Division, confirmed 7 May 1846.
208. Soldier's and Officer's Cuirasses of the Regiments of the 2nd Cuirassier Division, confirmed 7 May 1846.
209. Officer's Percussion Cavalry Pistol, confirmed 13 September 1846.
210. Private. HER IMPERIAL HIGHNESS THE GRAND DUCHESS MARY NIKOLAEVNA'S Cuirassier Regiment. 1851-1855.
211. Field-grade Officer. HIS IMPERIAL HIGHNESS THE GRAND DUKE NICHOLAS NIKOLAEVICH'S Cuirassier Regiment. 1852-1855.
212. Company-grade Officer. Military Order Cuirassier Regiment. 1854 and 1855.
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Chapter III.
Carabinier Regiments [Karabinerskie polki].
11 February 1826 - The changes in uniform promulgated on this date for Grenadier and Infantry regiments are extended with equal force to Carabinier regiments (Illus. 106 and 107), of which the Nesvizh Regiment in the Lithuania Corps [Litovskii Korpus] keeps its previous plastron [latskany] and white metal appointments, while receiving pants with yellow piping (Illus. 108) (1).
10 May 1826 - In summer when in formation on horseback, generals, field-grade officers, and adjutants are ordered to wear white linen or chamois pants [pantalony] (Illus. 109) (2).
15 September 1826 - Lower ranks who have served out the regulation number of years without reproach and who voluntarily remain on duty are ordered to wear gold galloon chevrons [nashivki iz zolotago galuna] sewn onto the left sleeve, as related above for Grenadier regiments (3).
1 January 1827 - In order to distinguish rank, officers' epaulettes are to have small, forged and stamped stars of the same appearance and according to the same rules as related above for Grenadier regiments (4).
31 July 1827 - Numbers and letters on shako and cartridge-pouch covers are to be in yellow oil paint (5).
7 March 1828 - Lower ranks returning to their regiments from the Model Infantry Regiment [Obraztsovyi Pekhotnyi polk], as well as those who had previously been in the Instructional Carabinier regiments [Uchebnye Karabinernye polki], are to have tape [bason] on their shoulder straps of the same description and colors as related above for Grenadier regiments (6).
24 March 1828 - Lower ranks' uniform coats [mundiry] are forbidden to have cinches (7).
24 April 1828 - Changes in uniform and equipment are promulgated, being the same as described above for Grenadier regiments (Illus. 110 and 111), with the only difference being that Rifle platoons [Strelkovye vzvody] and Jäger companies [Yegerskiya roty] receive shako pompons colored in accordance with those of Rifle platoons and Musketeer companies of Marine and Infantry regiments. Shako plates are issued as for Grenadiers: in the 1st Carabinier Regiment - with the numeral 1, in Field Marshal Prince Barclay-de-Tolly's Carabinier Regiment - with the number 2, in the 3rd Carabiniers - with the number 3, in the 4th - with the number 4, in the 5th - with the number 5, in the 6th - with number 6, and in the Erivan Regiment - with the number 7. There are shako badges for distinction [znaki otlichiya] for the 1st, 4th, 5th, and Erivan regiments (8).
18 May 1829 - Non-commissioned officers recommended by higher headquarters for promotion to officer rank based on years of service, are permitted to have a silver swordknot [temlyak] (9).
10 August 1829 - The Erivan Carabinier Regiment is to use sheepskin headdresses [ovchinnyya shapki] instead of shakos, of the same pattern as established at this time for Grenadier regiments of the Separate Caucasus Corps (Illus. 112) (10).
26 December 1829 - All combatant ranks are directed to have buttons on coats, frock coats, and greatcoats with a raised image of a single-flame grenade, and on it the same numeral as prescribed for the shako plate (11).
20 August 1830 - Rapiers [shpagi] for officers are replaced by half-sabers [polusabli] of the same pattern as those received at this time by officers of Grenadier regiments (Illus. 113) (12).
9 May 1831 - The Nesvizh Carabinier Regiment is ordered to have the same uniform as the first six Carabinier regiment (13).
6 December 1831 - The 1st Carabinier Regiment is awarded a badge for distinction for their shakos, "Za Varshavu 25 i 26 Avgusta 1831 goda" ["For Warsaw 25 and 26 August of the year 1831"] (14).
1 January 1832 - Generals possessing gold swords decorated with diamonds and inscribed "za khrabost" ["for courage"] are to wear these without swordknots (15).
8 June 1832 - Officers are allowed to wear moustaches (16).
3 January 1833 - For company-grade officers and lower ranks the cloth half-gaiters [polushtiblety] (Illus. 114 and 115) are abolished, likewise the covers for shakos and cartridge pouches of non-commissioned officers and privates, and the swordknots of non-commissioned officers, except for those non-commissioned officers who received silver ones (17).
20 January 1833 - Shako covers are restored as before (18).
28 January 1833 - With the completed reorganization of Army Infantry, Carabinier regiments are to have numbers on the shako plates and buttons: Field Marshal Prince Barclay-de-Tolly's Carabiniers - 1, Prince Paul of Mecklenburg's - 2, and the Astrakhan - 3. All of these regiments are given inscribed shako badges: for Field Marshal Prince Barclay-de-Tolly's Carabiniers - "Za Varshavu 25 i 26 Avgusta 1831 goda", and for the others - "Za otlichie" ["For excellence"]. Shoulder straps in Field Marshal Prince Barclay-de-Tolly's Carabinier Regiment keep the numeral 1, in Prince Paul of Mecklenburg's they have a monogram, and in the other regiments they have letters: Cyrillic A. in the Astrakhan Regiment and Cyrillic E. in the Erivan Regiment (19).
20 February 1833 - All combatant lower ranks are given new-pattern summer pants or trousers [bryuki], without buttons or integral spats [kozyrki] (20).
22 February 1833 - Field and company-grade officers are not to wear the hat [shlyapa], but rather always be in the shako [kiver]. Also, Regimental and Battalion Commanders, junior field-grade officers, and adjutants are allowed to have riding horses with long tails (21).
14 March 1833 - With the changes in the internal organization of regiments, Carabiniers and Jägers are to have lower pompons [repeiki] and upper pompons [pompony] of the following colors:
a ) Lower pompons.
1st battalion: for Carabiniers [Karabinery] - red; for Marksmen [Strelki] - yellow; for Jägers [Yegerya] white with a green center.
2nd battalion: for Carabiniers - black with red below; for Marksmen - black with yellow below; for Jägers - white with a black center.
3rd battalion: for Carabiniers - red with light blue below; for Marksmen - yellow with light blue below; for Jägers - light blue with a white center.
4th battalion: for Carabiniers - light blue with red below; for Marksmen - light blue with yellow below; for Jägers - white with a light blue center.
b) Upper pompons.
1st battalion: for Marksmen - yellow; for Jägers - white.
2nd battalion: for Marksmen - black with yellow below; for Jägers - black with white below.
3rd battalion: for Marksmen - yellow with light blue below; for Jägers -white with light blue below.
4th battalion: for Marksmen - light blue with yellow below; for Jägers - light blue with white below (22).
5 May 1833 - Letters and numbers on shako plates are not to be cut out, but fastened on, of tin silver plated for officers), exactly the same as for Grenadier regiments (23).
15 July 1833 - With the changes in the internal composition of Carabinier regiments, combatant lower ranks are to have forage caps [furazhnyya shapki] with the following differences in piping colors:
1st battalion: in the Carabinier platoon - upper piping and lower piping over the cap band - red; in the Marksmen platoon - upper piping red, lower yellow; in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Jäger companies - upper piping red.
2nd battalion: in the Carabinier platoon - upper piping yellow, lower red; in the Marksmen platoon - upper and lower piping yellow; in the 4th, 5th, and 6th Jäger companies - upper piping yellow.
3rd battalion: in the Carabinier platoon - upper piping light green, lower red; in the Marksmen platoon - upper piping light green, lower yellow; in the 7th, 8th, and 9th Jäger companies - upper piping light green.
4th battalion: in the Carabinier platoon - upper piping light blue, lower red; in the Marksmen platoon - upper piping light blue, lower yellow; in the 10th, 11th, and 12th Jäger companies - upper piping light blue.
The crown and band of the caps remain dark green as before, the latter with red piping below. The company numerals and letters are yellow: in the 1st Carabinier company - Cyrillic 1.K.R for Karabinernaya rota, in the 1st Jäger company - Cyrillic 1.R. , etc. (24)
21 March 1834 - With the reorganization of the forces of the Separate Caucasus Corps, the headdress plates and buttons of the Erivan Carabinier Regiment are to have the numeral 4, while upper and lower pompons are to be as for the Georgia Grenadier Regiment (25).
26 September 1834 - Combatant lower ranks are to wear their knapsacks on two belts crossing over the chest (Illus. 116) (26).
20 August 1835 - A directive is issued concerning knapsacks, the same as presented above for Grenadier regiments (Illus. 117) (27).
31 January 1836 - Lower ranks' greatcoats are to have nine buttons instead of ten, as described above for Grenadier regiments (28).
4 April 1836 - The fifth battalions of Carabinier regiments are to have the same colors for lower pompons and upper piping on forage caps as prescribed at this time for Grenadier regiments, while upper pompons are prescribed to be: for the Carabinier platoon of the Erivan Regiment - red with green; for the Marksmen platoons of all Carabinier regiments - yellow with green; for Jäger companies - white with green below; as presented above for Grenadier regiments (29).
27 April 1836 - Lower pompons are to be lined with black leather (30).
13 May 1836 - Officers' saddle girths are to be dark green with red stripes (31).
21 October 1836 - Shako plumes for Carabiniers are to be the same as established at this time for Grenadier Regiments (32).
14 January 1837 - The entrenching tool handle is to have the wood covered with lacquer, and the fitting and carrying of this tool is laid down to be the same as presented above for Grenadier regiments (33).
15 July 1837 - A new pattern for officers' sashes is confirmed, the same as described above for Grenadier regiments (34).
17 December 1837 - A new pattern of officers' epaulettes is confirmed, the same as introduced at this time for Grenadier regiments, i.e. with the addition of a fourth twist of braid (35).
17 January 1838 - The directive issued on this day concerning regimental staff-hornists [polkovye shtab-gornisty] is also extended with equal force to Carabinier regiments (36).
4 January 1839 - Generals and field and company-grade officers are not to have bands or bows on the front of their pants and trousers, but are rather to have them completely smooth, to match the pattern established for lower ranks (37).
16 March 1839 - Crossbelts and swordbelts for lower ranks are to have a width of 2 5/8 inches, while drummers' belts are to be 4 3/8 inches wide, as before (38).
16 October 1840 - The regulation for gold chevrons for lower ranks is confirmed, as presented above for Grenadier regiments (39).
23 January 1841 - The capes of officers' greatcoats are to be 28 inches long as measured from the bottom of the collar (40).
2 April 1842 - With the renaming of Gross-Herzog Paul of Mecklenburg's Carabinier Regiment [Karabinernyi Gross-Gertsoga Pavla Meklenburgskago polk] as the Moscow Carabinier Regiment [Moskovskii Karabinernyi polk], the epaulettes and shoulder straps of this regiment are to have the letter M. instead of the monogram (41).
26 November 1842 - Until a new pattern headdress is confirmed in place of the sheepskin headdress, officers and lower ranks of the Erivan Carabinier Regiment are to wear forage caps (42).
8 April 1843 - New pattern shakos and plumes are confirmed, the same as established at this time for Grenadier regiments (Illus. 118). Sewn-on tape [nashivki] for the shoulder straps of non-commissioned officers and lance-corporals [yefreitory] is also introduced, in accordance with the usage in Grenadier regiments (43).
8 April 1843 - A new pattern of drum-major's epaulette is confirmed, identical with that described above for Grenadier regiments (44).
10 May 1843 - The new pattern and dimensions for the cartridge-pouch cover is confirmed, the same as described for Grenadier regiments (45).
2 June 1843 - The regulations for fitting plates and badges of distinction to shakos are confirmed, the same as presented above for Grenadier regiments (46).
19 June 1843 - Gross-Herzog Frederick of Mecklenburg's Carabinier Regiment [Karabinernyi Gross-Gertsoga Fridrikha Meklenburgskago polk], renamed from the Moscow Carabinier Regiment, is to have on epaulettes and shoulder straps a monogram of the letters F.M. under a crown (Illus. 119) (47).
2 January 1844 - The bands of officers' forage caps are to have a cockade as related above for Grenadier regiments (48).
8 January 1844 - When mounted in formation, staff-hornists are permitted to have spurs (49).
9 1844 May - Shakos are replaced with helmets of the same pattern as established for Grenadier regiments (Illus. 120 and 121) (50).
20 1844 May - A new listing of forage-cap distinctions for lower ranks is confirmed, based on which the piping around the top is to be: in the 1st Battalion - red, in the 2nd - white, in the 3rd - light blue, in the 4th - yellow, and in the 5th - dark green. The cap band is dark green with two red pipings around the edges and cut-out letters and numbers backed by yellow cloth: in the 1st Carabinier Company - Cyrillic 1.K.R. for Karabinernaya rota, in the 1st Jäger Company Cyrillic 1.R., etc. For officers in all companies the cap band is as for lower ranks but without numbers or letters, and the piping around the top is red (51).
7 December 1844 - When wearing regimental uniform out of formation, generals are to have white plumes on their hats instead of black (52).
4 January 1845 - Officers' helmets are to have a metallic cockade on the right side under the scales, based on the cockade worn on hats (Illus. 122) (53).
3 March 1845 - HIS IMPERIAL HIGHNESS THE GRAND DUKE ALEXANDER ALEXANDROVICH's Carabinier Regiment [EGO IMPERATORSKAGO VYSOCHESTVA VELIKAGO KNYAZYA ALEKSANDRA ALEKSANDROVICHA polk], renamed from the Astrakhan Carabinier Regiment, is to have on epaulettes and shoulder straps the monogram of His Highness, under a crown, and on the collars and cuff-flaps of officers' coats - gold lace-bars (54).
31 March 1845 - In the Carabinier regiments of the Grenadier Corps, musket slings [ruzheinye remni] are to be lacquered [lakirovannye], while in the Erivan Carabinier Regiment they are to be kept plain [chishchennye], in the same way as the black accouterments (55).
1846 June 23 - With the introduction of muskets with percussion locks, the manner of fitting the firing-cap pouch [kapsyulnaya sumochka] is confirmed as laid out in detail above for Grenadier regiments (Illus. 123) (56).
1848 January 9 - On those days when after guard mount they have to remain in holiday uniform, generals and field and company-grade officers of Carabinier regiments are permitted to wear frock coats for walking out, with plumed helmets (57).
8 August 1848 - New uniforms and equipment are prescribed for the Erivan Carabinier Regiment, as confirmed at this time and described in detail above for Grenadier regiments in the articles for 8 August, 23 September, 31 October, and 24 November, 1848, and 25 November, 1849 (Illus. 124 and 125) (58).
19 April 1849 - With the introduction of the new English signal bugles, the manner of fitting the belt to them is confirmed as described in detail above for Grenadier regiments (Illus. 126) (59).
14 September 1849 - The pattern for officers' percussion pistols is confirmed as related above for Grenadier regiments (60).
9 and 25 November 1849 - The manner of fitting the helmet is confirmed as described in detail above for Grenadier regiments (61).
25 November 1849 - The manner of wearing the sheepskin shapka is confirmed as explained above for Grenadier regiments (62).
24 December 1849 - Gold half-sabers awarded for bravery are to have gold grips instead having them bound with lacquered black leather (63).
17 January 1851 - The description of the manner of gathering up and turning back the skirts of the greatcoat is confirmed as laid out above for Grenadier regiments (64).
9 February 1851 - Field and company-grade officers of HIS IMPERIAL HIGHNESS THE HEREDITARY TSESAREVICH'S Erivan Carabinier Regiment [Erivanskii Karabinernyi EGO IMPERATORSKAGO VYSOCHESTVA NASLEDNIKA TSESAREVICHA polk] are to have lace-bars on the collars and cuffs of their parade half-caftans (Illus. 127). The epaulettes of officers of this regiment, and the shoulder straps of lower ranks, are to have the monogram of HIS HIGHNESS according to the confirmed pattern, in gold for field and company-grade officers and of red cloth for lower ranks (Illus. 128) (65).
8 July 1851 - The lock cover [polunagalishche] for muskets is discontinued, and the patterns and descriptions for the drum, fife case for troops in the Caucasus, water flask, greatcoat strap, swordbelt, crossbelt, and cover for the firing pin of percussion muskets are confirmed as related above for Grenadier regiments (66).
20 October 1851 - The list and description of items to be kept by the soldier in his knapsack are confirmed as related in detail above for Grenadier regiments (67).
26 January 1852 - Non-combatant lower ranks with grey, cloth forage caps are to have the cap band in the same color as the collar of the regiment or arm of service to which they belong (Illus. 129) (68).
3 January 1853 - Non-combatant lower ranks who are authorized frock coats are to have these reaching to the lower part of the knee (69).
18 February 1854 - Field-grade officers, as well as regimental and battalion adjutants, are to have a valise and greatcoat on the saddle according to the guidelines laid out above for Grenadier regiments (70).
29 April 1854 - Generals and field and company-grade officers, during wartime, are to have campaign greatcoats according to the pattern and directives established at this time for Grenadier regiments (Illus. 130) (71).
23 May 1854 - In the newly established seventh and eighth Replacement [Zapasnyi] battalions only non-commissioned officers and musicians are to have swordbelts [portupei], while other lower ranks are to have only a crossbelt [perevyaz] for cartridge pouches, as established at this time for the seventh and eighth Replacement battalions of Infantry regi-ments (72).
16 June 1854 - The seventh Replacement battalions are to have brown piping around the top of the forage cap, and the eighth battalion - turquoise [biryuzovaya] piping (73).
13 February 1855 - The description of the new manner of fitting firing-cap pouches is confirmed (see Gren. regts.) (74).
Notes to the Illustrations
By Mark Conrad
106. Carabinier regiments were descended from distinguished Jäger regiments which in 1814 were renamed Grenadier Jägers, and then in 1815 renumbered and renamed Carabiniers. At first there were six, and then in 1816 the 17th Jägers was renamed the 7th Carabiniers.
In Carabinier regiments each battalion's first company was made up of a Carabinier platoon and a Marksmen platoon. The other companies were styled Jägers. (The Russian words strelkovyi/strelki (shooting/shooter) only latterly acquired the meaning of "rifle"; they were previously used in reference to any firearm or even bows and arrows. The marksmen platoons were not rifle platoons, since they were not armed with rifled weapons. Strelkovyi is equivalent to the French tirailleur.)
In 1826 Carabinier dress coats were dark green with gold metal distinctions, dark-green collars, cuffs, and skirt turnbacks, all piped red, red cuff-flaps (previously dark green), and yellow shoulder straps with the regimental number in red. Frock coats were also dark green, including the lining, with dark-green collars and cuffs piped red. Dark-green pants were piped red; black spats. Forage caps were dark green with dark-green bands; the crown and band were piped as prescribed in 1811: white in the first battalions, green in the second, and light blue in the third. The shako had white cords; pompons were as established in 1811 for all infantry, with only the elite Carabinier platoons having black plumes (red for musicians). Officers' epaulettes were gold with yellow lining. Saddle cloths were dark green with a dark-green band piped red, with gold lace. Black leather equipment; swordknots in the company colors in use during the Napoleonic Wars. Shako badges of distinction ("za otlichie") were worn by the 1st, 4th, and 5th Carabiniers, these honors having been awarded during the Napoleonic Wars to the Carabiniers' predecessors in the 1st, 14th, and 26th Jägers.
107. White gloves were worn by all officers at almost all times. Officers' gorgets were of the 1820 pattern, flatter and narrower than those used in the Napoleonic Wars, but maintaining the same coloring system for distinguishing rank as introduced in 1808. This gorget was worn on loops of gold cord held by the buttons of the epaulettes.
108. The Carabinier Regiment of the Lithuania Corps was raised in 1818 and renamed the Nesvizh Carabinier Regiment in 1825. It wore the same uniform as other Carabinier regiments but with silver distinctions, yellow piping, dark-green lapels, yellow cuff-flaps, yellow shoulder straps with a red Cyrillic L, replaced by a red Cyrillic N in 1825.
Carabinier companies had black plumes (shown here with the white tip and orange stripe of non-commissioned officers]. Since 1823 the Marksmen and Jäger companies had wool pompons as follows: Marksmen - yellow, with a green bottom in the 2nd Battalion and a light-blue bottom in the 3rd; Jäger companies - white pompons with battalion distinctions as for Marksmen. For officers the pompons were silver.
109. White summer pants.
110. Grenades can be seen on the buttons.
112. White musicians' tape with a red light in the center; yellow base to the swallows' nests on the shoulders; drum hoops painted black on the outside only; all leather equipment is black. Notice the three grenades on the belt.
113. Here the sword frog is white.
114. The Carabiniers' special cartridge-pouch badge was introduced in 1817.
116, 117, and 118. White summer pants.
121. Grenades on the buttons.
123. The greatcoat has a dark-green collar piped red, with yellow shoulder straps as on the dress coat.
129. All grey with red piping. Yellow shoulder straps with a red number (no piping, just hemmed edges). Grey cap with a dark-green band piped red.
130. Black sword frog. Dark-green collar piped red.
Chapter IV.
JägerRegiments [Yegerskie polki].
11 February 1826 - The changes in uniforms of Grenadier regiments as issued on this date are extended in equal measure to Jäger regiments (Illus. 131 and 132), of which the 47th, 48th, 49th, and 50th in the Lithuania Corps retain their former plastrons and white appointments, and they are given pants with yellow piping (Illus. 133) (75).
10 May 1826 - In summer, generals, field-grade officers, and adjutants, when they are mounted and in formation, are to wear white pants of linen or chamois (Illus. 134) (76).
1826 September 15 - Lower ranks who have faultlessly served the regulation number of years and who voluntarily remain on service are to wear gold galloon sewn onto the left sleeve, as related above for Grenadier regiments (77).
1 January 1827 - In order to distinguish rank, officers' epaulettes are to have small, forged and stamped stars of the same form and appearance as related above for Grenadier regiments (78).
31 July 1827 - Numbers and letters on shako and pouch covers are to be painted with yellow oil paint (79).
7 March 1828 - Lower ranks returned to their regiments from the Model Infantry Regiment, as well as those who previously were in the Instructional Carabinier regiments, are to have tape on their shoulder straps of the same appearance and colors as related above for Grenadier regiments (80).
24 March 1828 - It is forbidden to have cinches on lower ranks' coats (81).
24 April 1828 - The same changes in uniforms and equipment apply as described above for Grenadier regiments, with the only differences being that the shields on the shako plates are to be without grenades, as in Marine and Infantry regiments (Illus. 135), and that all combatant ranks of Jäger companies and Marksmen platoons are given round pompons for the shakos: Marksmen as for Marksmen, and Jägers as for Musketeers. Shoulder straps and the field of officers' epaulettes remain as before, with the divisional number and of the previous colors: in the first regiment of each Jäger brigade - light blue, and in the second - dark green with red piping. The numbers prescribed for shako plates correspond to the numbers of the regiments, of which the 1st, 5th, 10th, 13th, 19th, 39th, and 45th have badges for distinction on the shako (82).
18 May 1829 - Non-commissioned officers nominated by higher headquarters to officer rank because of years of service, are permitted to wear silver swordknots (83).
10 August 1829 - Jäger regiments of the Separate Caucasus Corps and the 20th Infantry Division assigned to it (the 41st, 42nd, 43rd, 44th, 39th, and 40th), are to use sheepskin headdresses in place of shakos, of the same pattern as established at this time for Grenadier, Carabinier, and Infantry regiments of this corps (Illus. 136) (84).
26 December 1829 - All combatant ranks are to have buttons on dress coats, frock coats, and greatcoats with the raised image of the numeral prescribed for the shako plate (85).
6 April 1830 - Shako badges with the inscription "Za otlichie" ["For excellence"] are awarded to the 9th, 17th, 31st, 34th, 36th, and 38th Jäger Regiments (86).
20 August 1830 - Officers' rapiers are replaced by half-sabers of the same pattern as those received at this time by officers of Grenadier regiments (Illus. 137) (87).
22 September 1830 - Headdress badges for distinction are awarded to the 41st and 42nd Jäger Regiments (88).
9 May 1831 - The 47th, 48th, 49th, and 50th Jäger Regiments, which had plastrons and white appointments, are to have the same uniform as the rest of the Jäger regiments, while the newly formed regiments of the 26th Infantry Division are assigned numbers: for the 51st Jägers - 51, and for the 52nd Jägers - 52 (89).
6 December 1831 - Shako badges for distinction are awarded to the 11th and 13th Jäger Regiments, with the inscription "Za Varshavu 25 i 26 Avgusta 1831 goda" ["For Warsaw 25 and 26 August of the year 1831"] (90).
1 January 1832 - Generals possessing gold rapiers decorated with diamonds and with the inscription "Za khrabost" ["For courage"], are to wear these without swordknots (91).
8 June 1832 - Officers are permitted to wear moustaches (92).
3 January 1833 - Cloth half-gaiters [polushtiblety] are abolished for company-grade officers and lower ranks (Illus. 138 and 139). Covers for shakos and cartridge pouches are abolished for lower ranks, as well as swordknots, except for those non-commissioned officers who have them in silver (93).
20 January 1833 - Shako covers are left as before (94).
28 January 1833 - Consequent to the reorganization of Army Infantry, the Jäger regiments listed below are to have numbers as follows: Narva - 1, Kopore - 2, Reval - 3, Estonia - 4, Field Marshal Prince Kutuzov of Smolensk's - 5, Velikie-Luki - 6, Schlüsselburg - 7, Ladoga - 8, Kostroma - 9, Galich - 10, Nizovsk - 11, Simbirsk - 12, Vitebsk - 13, Polotsk - 14, Aleksopol - 15, Kremenchug - 16, Bryansk - 17, Orel - 18, Field Marshal Prince Saken's - 19, Kazan - 20, Borodino - 21, Tarutino - 22, Belev - 23, Tula - 24, Tomsk - 25, Kolyvan - 26, Okhotsk - 27, Kamchatka - 28, Odessa - 30, Ukraine - 31, Vilna - 32, Podolia - 33, Zhitomir - 34, Lublin - 35, Zamosc - 36, Nyslott - 37, and Villmanstrand - 38. As a result of the reorganization, there are to be shako badges for the Jäger regiments: Narva, Field Marshal Prince Kutuzov of Smolensk's, Schlüsselburg, Ladoga, Kostroma, Galich, Simbirsk, Vitebsk, Bryansk, Tomsk, Kolyvan, Okhotsk, Kamchatka, and Odessa - with the inscription "Za khrabost"; and Reval, Velikie-Luki, and Nizovsk - with the "Za Varshavu 25 i 26 Avgusta 1831 goda" (95).
20 February 1833 - All combatant ranks are given a new pattern of summer pants or breeches, without buttons or integral spats [kozyrki] (Illus. 140) (96).
22 February 1833 - Field and company-grade officers are not to wear hats, but rather always be in shakos, and regimental and battalion commanders, junior field-grade officers, and adjutants are allowed to have riding horses with long tails (97).
14 March 1833 - With the Jäger regiments' organizational change, the lower pompons [repeiki] for carabiniers and the lower and upper pompons [repeiki i pompony] for jägers and marksmen are to be the same as established at this time in Infantry regiments, for carabiniers as for grenadiers, for marksmen as for marksmen, and for jägers as for musketeers.(*) (98).
[* Note: As presented in Volume 19, Viskovatov's color scheme for pompons faithfully repeats the actually published regulations. However, Zweguintzow (1979) would modify the scheme by giving Fusiliers, Musketeers, and Jägers lower pomopns that were all white in the first battalions, black with white centers in the second, and white with light-blue centers in the third. According to Zweguintzow, Viskovatov's colors "ne correspond pas au système adopté." - M.C.]
5 May 1833 - Numerals and letters on shako plates are to be tin (silver for officers) and affixed, instead of being cut out, and in all respects as for the shako plates of Infantry regiments (99).
15 July 1833 - With the change in the organization of Jäger regiments, combatant lower ranks are to have forage caps with the following distinctions in piping colors:
1st battalion: in the Carabinier platoon - red upper and lower (above the cap band) piping; in the Marksmen platoon - upper piping red, lower yellow; in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Jäger companies - upper piping red.
2nd battalion: in the Carabinier platoon - upper piping yellow, lower red; in the Marksmen platoon - upper and lower piping yellow; in the 4th, 5th, and 6th Jäger companies - upper piping yellow.
3rd battalion: in the Carabinier platoon - upper piping light green, lower red; in the Marksmen platoon - upper piping light green, lower yellow; in the 7th, 8th, and 9th Jäger companies - upper piping light green.
4th battalion: in the Carabinier platoon - upper piping light blue, lower red; in the Marksmen platoon - upper piping light blue, lower yellow; in the 10th, 11th, and 12th Jäger companies - upper piping light blue.
5th battalion: in the Carabinier platoon - upper piping white, lower red; in the Marksmen platoon - upper piping white, lower yellow; in the 13th, 14th, and 15th Jäger companies - upper piping white.
6th battalion: in the Carabinier platoon - upper piping black, lower red; in the Marksmen platoon - upper piping black, lower yellow; in the 16th, 17th, and 18th Jäger companies - upper piping black.
The crown and band of the caps are dark green as before, the latter with red piping on the bottom, with company numerals and letters in yellow: for the 1st Carabinier Company - Cyrillic 1.K.R. for Karabinernaya rota , for the 1st Jäger company - Cyrillic 1.R., etc. (100)
21 March 1834 - With the reorganization of the forces of the Separate Caucasus Corps, the Jäger regiments of this corps are assigned numbers for shako plates and buttons: Kabarda - 32, Kura - 40, Tiflis - 41, and Mingrelia - 42. Upper and lower pompons and forage caps are prescribed as for Infantry regiments of this corps, except that the bands of the latter are as laid out above. The Tiflis, Mingrelia, and Kabarda regiments are prescribed headdresses with badges of distinction (101).
26 September 1834 - Combatant lower ranks are to wear the knapsack on two belts crossing over the chest (Illus. 141) (102).
26 April 1835 - The following Jäger regiments are to have new numbers on their shako plates and buttons: Tomsk - 19, Kolyvan - 20, Okhotsk - 21, Kamchatka - 22, Ukraine - 23, Odessa - 24, Lithuania - 25, Vilna - 26, Podolia - 27, Zhitomir - 28, Lublin - 29, Zamosc - 30, Field Marshal Prince Saken's - 31, Kazan - 32, Borodino - 33, Tarutino - 34, Belev - 35, and Tula - 36 (103).
3 July 1835 - With the 21st Infantry Division being retitled as the 19th, the Tiflis Jäger Regiment is assigned the number 37 instead of 41, and the Mingrelia Regiment the number 38 instead of 42 (104).
20 August 1835 - The same directive regarding knapsacks is issued as related above for Grenadier regiments (Illus. 142) (105).
31 January 1836 - The greatcoats of lower ranks are to have nine buttons instead of ten, as related above for Grenadier regiments (106).
27 April 1836 - Lower pompons are to be lined with black leather (107).
13 May 1836 - The girths of officers' saddles are to be dark green with red stripes (108).
21 October 1836 - Shako plumes for Carabiniers are to be the same as established at this time for Grenadier Regiments (109).
14 January 1837 - The handle of the entrenching tool is to have the wooden part lacquered, and for carrying this tool the same directives are approved as presented above for Grenadier regiments (110).
15 July 1837 - A new pattern of officers' sash is confirmed, identical with that described above for Grenadier regiments (111).
17 December 1837 - A new pattern for officers' epaulettes is approved, identical with that introduced at this time in Grenadier regiments, i.e. with an additional fourth twist of braid (112).
17 January 1838 - The directive issued on this day regarding staff-hornists is extended with equal force to Jäger regiments (113).
4 January 1839 - Generals and field and company-grade officers are not to have bands or bows on the front of pants and trousers, but are all to wear these completely smooth, matching the style established for lower ranks (114).
16 March 1839 - Crossbelts and swordbelts of lower ranks are to be 2 5/8 inches wide, while those of drummers are to be 4 3/8 inches wide, as before (115).
10 September 1839 - In HIS IMPERIAL HIGHNESS THE HEREDITARY TSESAREVICH'S Borodino Jäger Regiment and, renamed from the Kazan, HIS IMPERIAL HIGHNESS THE GRAND DUKE MICHAEL PAVLOVICH'S Jäger Regiment, the collars and cuff-flaps of officers' coats are to have gold lace bars [petlitsy] (116).
16 October 1840 - The order regarding gold chevrons [shevrony] for lower ranks is confirmed, as laid out above for Grenadier regiments (117).
23 January 1841 - The capes of officers' greatcoats are to be 28 inches long as measured from the bottom edge of the collar (118).
26 November 1842 - Until the approval of a new pattern headdress, officers and lower ranks of the Separate Caucasus Corps' Jäger regiments are to wear forage caps instead of the sheepskin headdresses (119).
8 April 1843 - A new pattern shako and plume is confirmed, identical with that established at this time for Grenadier regiments (Illus. 143), and lace sewn onto the shoulder straps of non-commissioned officers and lance-corporals [yefreitory] is established according to the usage in Infantry regiments (120).
8 April 1843 - A new pattern of drum-major's epaulette is approved, identical with that described above for Grenadier regiments (120).
10 May 1843 - The new style and dimensions of the cover for the cartridge pouch are confirmed, identical to that described above for Grenadier regiments (121).
2 June 1843 - The rules for attaching shako plates and badges of distinction are confirmed, the same as laid out above for Grenadier regiments (122).
2 January 1844 - The band of officers' forage caps is to have a cockade, as related above for Grenadier regiments (123).
8 January 1844 - When mounted in formation, staff-hornists are permitted to have spurs (124).
9 May 1844 - Shakos are replaced with helmets of the same pattern as established for Infantry regiments (Illus. 144) (125).
20 May 1844 - A new listing for the various colors of lower ranks' forage caps is approved, according to which piping around the top is to be: in the 1st battalion - red, in the 2nd - white, in the 3rd - light blue, in the 4th - yellow, in the 5th - dark green, and in the 6th - light green. The cap band is dark green with two red pipings around the edges and numbers and letters backed by yellow cloth: in the 1st Carabinier Company - Cyrillic 1.K.R, in the 1st Jäger Company - Cyrillic 1.R., etc. For officers in all companies the cap band is the same as for lower ranks but without numbers and letters, and the piping around the top is red (126).
7 December 1844 - When wearing regimental uniform and not on duty, generals are to have white plumes on their hats instead of black ones (127).
4 January 1845 - Officers' helmets are to have a cockade on the right side under the chinscales, as related above for Grenadier regiments (Illus. 145) (128).
31 March 1845 - Musket slings in Jäger regiments are not to be lacquered, but plain, similar to the black accouterments (129).
16 December 1845 - With the change in the make-up of the divisions of the Separate Caucasus Corps, the Jäger regiments of this corps are to have numbers on their buttons as follows: Stavropol - 37, Kuban - 38, General-Adjutant Prince Chernyshev's - 39, General-Adjutant Prince Vorontsov's - 40, Tiflis - 41, and Mingrelia - 42 (130).
23 June 1846 - With the introduction of muskets with percussion locks, approval is given to the method of fitting the firing-cap pouch as described in detail above for Grenadier regiments (Illus. 146) (131).
9 January 1848 - On those days when they are required to remain in parade uniform after guard mount, generals and field and company-grade officers of Jäger regiments are allowed to wear frock coats when walking out, with helmets with plumes (132).
8 August 1848 - Jäger regiments of the Separate Caucasus Corps are prescribed the new uniform and equipment approved at this time and described in detail above for Grenadier regiments in the articles for 8 August, 23 September, 31 October, and 24 November, 1848, and 25 November, 1849 (Illus. 147 and 148) (133).
19 April 1849 - With the introduction of the new English signal bugles, approval is given to the method of fastening a belt to them, as described in detail above for Grenadier regiments (134).
14 September 1849 - The pattern for officers' percussion pistols is confirmed as related above for Grenadier regiments (135).
9 and 25 November 1849 - The manner of fitting the helmet is confirmed as explained above for Grenadier regiments (136).
25 November 1849 - The manner of wearing the sheepskin shapka is confirmed as explained above for Grenadier regiments (137).
24 December 1849 - Gold half-sabers awarded for bravery are to have a gold grip instead of it being wrapped with black, lacquered leather (138).
17 January 1851 - The description of how the skirts of the greatcoat may be gathered up and turned back is approved, as laid out above for Grenadier regiments (Illus. 149) (139).
8 July 1851 - The lock cover for muskets is discontinued, and the patterns and descriptions for the drum, fife case for Caucasus troops, water flask, greatcoat strap, swordbelt, crossbelt, and case for the firing nipple for percussion locks are all confirmed as related above for Grenadier regiments (140).
20 October 1851 - The list and description of articles which the soldier is to carry in his knapsack are confirmed, as related in detail above for Grenadier regiments (141).
26 January 1852 - Non-combatant lower ranks who have grey, cloth forage caps are to have the cap band made of cloth the same color as the collar of the regiment or branch of service to which they belong (142).
28 August 1852 - Field and company-grade officers of His Royal Highness Prince Albert of Saxony's Jäger Regiment are to have on their epaulettes, and lower ranks on their shoulder straps, a monogram of His Highness according to the approved design; for field and company-grade officers in gold, and for lower ranks of yellow cloth (Illus. 150) (143).
3 January 1853 - Non-combatant lower ranks who are prescribed frock coats are to have these reaching to the lower part of the knee (144).
18 February 1854 - Field-grade officers, as well as regimental and battalion adjutants, are to have a valise and greatcoat on the saddle according to the guidelines laid out above for Grenadier regiments (145).
29 April 1854 - In wartime, generals and field and company-grade officers are to have campaign greatcoats according to the pattern established at this time for Grenadier regiments, and following the same guidelines (146).
23 May 1854 - In the newly established seventh and eighth replacement [zapasnye] battalions, only non-commissioned officers and musicians are to have swordbelts, and the other lower ranks have only crossbelts for the cartridge pouch, as established at this time for the seventh and eighth replacement battalions of Infantry regiments (147).
16 June 1854 - The seventh replacement battalions are to have brown piping around the top of the forage cap, and the eighth battalions - turquoise piping (148).
13 February 1855 - Approval is given to the description of the fitting of the firing-cap pouch (see Gren. regts.).
Notes to the Illustrations
By Mark Conrad
131. In 1826 Jäger dress coats were dark green with gold metal distinctions, dark-green collars, cuffs, and skirt turnbacks, all piped red, and red cuff-flaps (previously dark green). Shoulder straps were light blue for the first Jäger regiment in each division and dark green piped red for the second. Frock coats were also dark green, including the lining, with dark-green collars and cuffs piped red. Dark-green pants were piped red. Forage caps were dark green with dark-green bands, with piping as laid down in 1811. The shako had white cords; pompons were as established in 1811 for all infantry, with only the elite Carabinier platoons having black plumes (red for musicians). Officers' epaulettes were gold with lining the same color as the lower ranks' shoulder straps. Saddle cloths were dark green with a dark-green band piped red, with gold lace. Black leather equipment; swordknots in the company colors in use since the Napoleonic Wars. Badges of distinction "za otlichie" were worn by the 1st, 5th, 10th, 13th, 19th, 39th, 45th, and 49th Jägers.
132. Black drum hoops; a single grenade on the belt. The white musicians' tape has no red center stripe. The swallows' nest on the shoulders, covered with tape, were the same color as the shoulder straps, piped red at the bottom if this color was dark green.
133. The Jäger regiments of the Separate Lithuania Corps had standard Jäger uniforms but with silver metal, yellow piping and cuff-flaps, and dark-green lapels. Shoulder straps were either light blue or dark green piped red (depending on the regiment's position in its division), with the divisional number in red. On the officers' gorgets, the shield on the eagle's breast had a Lithuanian horseman instead of St. George.
134. As an adjutant, this officer wears spurs.
137. White sword frog.
138. With the regulations from the Napoleonic Wars presumably still in force, then Carabiniers and Marksmen had triple-flamed grenades on the cartridge pouch, while Jägers had single-flamed grenades.
Chapter V.
Rifle Battalions [Strelkovye bataliony].
7 January 1834 - The newly formed Grenadier Rifle Battalion is to have the uniform of the Foot Field Artillery, but with buttons and shako plates as for Grenadier regiments, only without numbers, and with black accouterments instead of white. Instead of the muskets used in the rest of the Infantry, this battalion is issued rifles [shtutsera] with detachable swords [tesaki] (Illus. 151, 152, and 153) (149).
14 May 1834 - Epaulettes and shoulder straps of the Grenadier Rifle Battalion are to have the Cyrillic letters G. and S., for Grenaderskii Strelkovyi (150).
3 September 1834 - The pompons [pompony] on the shakos of the battalion's lower ranks are to be red, and the cords white (Illus. 154) (151).
26 September 1834 - Lower ranks are to wear the knapsack on two belts crossing over the chest (152).
20 August 1835 - It is ordered:
1.) Officers are to wear knapsacks on only two shoulder belts, without any belts over the chest or a horizontal cross-strap, with these belts being lacquered.
2.) On the outside of lower ranks' knapsacks, facing the soldier's back, there is to be a linen case or pocket for the forage cap, such cases being made from the linings of worn-out coats (153).
31 January 1836 - Instead of ten buttons, lower ranks' greatcoats are to have nine: six on the front opening, two on the shoulder straps, and one behind on the cloth belt (154).
27 April 1836 - Lower pompons [repeiki] are to be lined with black leather (155).
13 May 1836 - Officers' saddle girths are to be dark green with red stripes (156).
14 January 1837 - Instead of being finished with oil paint, the handles of entrenching tools are to have the wooden parts covered with lacquer, and the method of fitting these tools is confirmed as set forth above for Grenadier regiments (157).
10 July 1837 - Officers and lower ranks of the 1st Rifle Battalion are to have jäger-style uniforms with black accouterments, but with red pompons and shoulder straps, having on the shako plates, buttons, epaulettes, and shoulder straps the numeral 1 and Cyrillic letter S. (1.S.), while on cartridge pouches - the numeral 1 (Illus. 155 and 156) (158).
15 July 1837 - A new pattern of officer's sash is confirmed, identical with that described above for Grenadier regiments (159).
17 December 1837 - A new pattern of officer's epaulette is confirmed, identical with that introduced at this time for Grenadier regiments, i.e. with an additional, fourth, twist of braid (160).
4 January 1839 - Officers' pants and trousers are not to have any bands or bows in front, but are to always be worn completely smooth, in accordance with the style established for lower ranks (161).
16 March 1839 - Lower ranks' crossbelts and swordbelts are to be 2 5/8 inches wide instead of 3 1/2 inches (162).
26 July 1840 - Instead of dark-green collars and cuffs on the coat, the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Rifle Battalions are to have black ones, with red piping, as for Foot Field Artillery (Illus. 157). Later, the uniform of these battalions is extended to the 4th and 5th Rifle Battalions founded in 1841, with the appropriate differences in the numbers on the epaulettes, shoulder straps and buttons, shako plates, and cartridge pouches (163).
16 October 1840 - The regulation concerning gold chevrons for lower ranks is confirmed as set forth above for Grenadier regiments (164).
23 January 1841 - The capes on officers' greatcoats are to be 28 inches long as measured from the bottom of the collar (165).
8 April 1843 - New-pattern shakos are approved, identical with those established at this time for Grenadier and other regiments of Army Infantry (Illus. 158), and sewn-on lace [nashivki] for non-commissioned officers' and lance-corporals' shoulder straps is established as in these regiments (166).
10 May 1843 - The new pattern and dimensions for cartridge-pouch covers are confirmed, identical with that described for Grenadier regiments (167).
2 June 1843 - Guidelines for fitting plates on the shako are confirmed, identical with those established at this time for Grenadier and other regiments of Army Infantry (168).
14 August 1843 - The Caucasus Rifle Battalion is prescribed the same uniform as the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th Rifle Battalions, but with the letter K. instead of a number, and being permitted, until a new uniform is approved, to wear forage caps (Illus. 159), as has been allowed since 26 November 1842 for other troops of the Separate Caucasus Corps (169).
18 August 1843 - Lower ranks of Rifle battalions who continually distinguish themselves in shooting, are to have sewn-on lace [nashivki] made from the non-commissioned officer's galloon used in these battalions: for non-commissioned officers - on the shoulder straps of coats and greatcoats, and for riflemen - around the cuffs of the coat, following the example of Artillery bombardiers (170).
2 January 1844 - Officers' forage caps are to have a cockade on the cap band, as related above for Grenadier regiments (171).
9 May 1844 - Shakos are replaced by helmets, of the same pattern as established for regiments of Army Infantry: in the Grenadier Battalion - with a plume of black horse hair, and in the other battalions - without plumes (Illus. 160) (172).
20 May 1844 - Lower ranks' forage caps are to have red piping around the top, while the black band has two red pipings around the edges and the company number and the Cyrillic letter R. cut out and backed with yellow cloth, but officers' caps have no numbers or letters (173).
4 January 1845 - Officers' helmets are to have a cockade on the right side below the chin scales, as indicated above for Grenadier regiments (Illus. 160) (174).
18 July 1845 - Officers and lower ranks of the 6th Rifle Battalion are to have the number 6 and the Cyrillic letter S. on helmet plates, buttons, epaulettes, and shoulder straps, while the cartridge pouch only has the number 6 (175).
9 August 1845 - For the Grenadier Rifle Battalion, when in camp uniform, helmets are to be worn without plumes, even when the personnel for whom they are prescribed are in dress coats (176).
21 March 1846 - The newly founded Finnish Rifle Battalion is prescribed the same uniform as other Rifle battalions, but with light-blue piping, grenades on the buttons, and no numbers or letters on epaulettes and shoulder straps. At first this battalion is to be issued with Dragoon muskets with the provision that later they will be replaced with rifles (Illus. 161) (177).
2 March 1848 - The Grenadier Rifle Battalion, renamed from the Finnish Rifle Battalion, is prescribed helmets with plumes and all the insignia that distinguished the former Grenadier Rifle Battalion, but on white plates and buttons and light-blue shoulder straps (Illus. 162 and 163). The Reserve Rifle Battalion, for which helmets without plumes are stipulated, has on officers' epaulettes, lower ranks' shoulder straps, shields of the headdress plates, buttons, and cartridge pouches insignia made up the Cyrillic letters R.S. , signifying Rezervnyi Strelkovyi [Reserve Rifle], according to the approved drawing (178).
8 1848 August - The Caucasus Rifle Battalion is prescribed the new uniform and equipment confirmed at this time and described in detail above for Grenadier regiments in the articles for 8 August, 23 September, 31 October, and 24 November, 1848, and 25 November, 1849 (Illus. 164 and 165) (179).
19 April 1849 - With the introduction of the new English signal bugles, the method of fixing a strap to them is confirmed, as described in detail above for Grenadier regiments (Illus. 166) (180).
9 and 25 November 1849 - The manner of fitting the helmet is confirmed, as described above for Grenadier regiments (181).
24 December 1849 - Gold half-sabers awarded for bravery are to have gold grips, instead of the grip being wrapped in black, lacquered leather (182).
17 January 1851 - Confirmation is given to the manner of gathering up and folding back the skirts of the greatcoat, as set forth above for Grenadier regiments (183).
21 March 1851 - For the Caucasian Rifle Battalion the ammunition pouches [patrontashi] are to have places for 40 rounds, instead of 60 (Illus. 167) (184).
8 July 1851 - Musket lock covers [polunagalishcha] are abolished, and approval is given to the patterns and descriptions of the fife case for Caucasus troops, water flask, greatcoat strap, swordbelt, crossbelt, and firing-nipple cover for percussion muskets, as set forth above for Grenadier regiments (185).
20 October 1851 - Confirmation is given to the list and description of items to be carried by the soldier in his knapsack, as described above in detail for Grenadier regiments (186).
26 January 1852 - Non-combatant lower ranks with grey, cloth forage caps are to have the cap band the same color as the collar of the regiment or branch of service to which they belong (187).
3 January 1853 - Non-combatant lower ranks who are authorized frock coats are to have them reaching to the lower part of the knee (188).
18 February 1854 - Field-grade officers and battalion adjutants are to have a valise and greatcoat on the saddle according to the guidelines set forth above for Grenadier regiments (Illus. 168) (189).
29 April 1854 - During wartime, field and company-grade officers are to have campaign greatcoats of the pattern established at this time for Grenadier regiments, and according to the same guidelines (Illus. 168) (190).
31 July 1854 - The newly founded first and second Settled Finnish Rifle Battalions [Poselennye Finskie Strelkovye bataliony] are to be uniformed in accordance with the following description:
a.) Lower ranks:
Coat [mundir] - standard army pattern, of dark-green army cloth; collar, turnback lining, and cuffs of the same cloth as the coat; piping of light-blue cloth around the top of the collar, down the front of the coat, on the turnbacks, cuffs, and cuff-flaps (after the example of other Rifles, no piping is prescribed for the bottom of the collar).
Non-commissioned officers - standard army galloon, silver, of the infantry pattern, sewn around the top of the collar and on the cuffs of the sleeves, 1/20 inch from the piping.
Musicians - white cotton lace [tesma], sewn on as on standard army musicians' coats.
Shoulder straps - of light-blue cloth, the same color as the piping, with the cut-out letters: Cyrillic 1.P.F. and 2.P.F. [for Poselennyi Finskii - M.C.].
Buttons - white, tinned, with the Cyrillic letters: 1.P.F. and 2.P.F.
Pants - the same cloth as the coat; light-blue cloth piping along the side seams.
Helmet - (metal fittings of white tin) on the breast of the eagle on the helmet plate there is the coat of arms of the Grand Duchy of Finland, with the Cyrillic letters 1.P.F. and 2.P.F.; the helmet does not have a plume (Illus. 169 and 170).
b.) Officers:
The uniform is the same throughout as for lower ranks; epaulettes the same color as the buttons, with the Cyrillic letters 1.P.F. and 2.P.F. embroidered on a light-blue cloth field (191).
22 November 1854 - For the newly founded first and second Reserve Rifle battalions, on officers' epaulettes, lower ranks' shoulder straps, the shield on the helmet plate, buttons, and the grenades on the cartridge pouches, are to be the numbers 1 and 2 in front of the Cyrillic letters R. S., which were prescribed for the Reserve Rifle Battalion on 2 March 1848, that is to say 1 R. S. and 2 R. S. (192)
13 February 1855 - The description of how to fit the firing-cap pouch is confirmed, as set forth above for Grenadier regiments (193).
Notes to the Illustrations
By Mark Conrad
151. Gold metal appointments, grenades on the buttons, dark-green coat with red piping, black turnbacks piped red, black cuffs and collar (the collar having red piping both on the top and the bottom), red cuff-flaps. Dark-green pants piped red. Gold epaulettes lined with red, with small red cross straps. A grenade on the cartridge-pouch cover.
154. Black straps on the bugle.
158. White summer pants.
159. White sword frog.
161. The private wears white summer pants. According to Zweguintzow there is piping on both the top and bottom of the collar, but only the top piping is visible here. Zweguintzow also adds that on the helmet plate, the shield on the eagle's breast probably has the coat-of-arms of Finland.
Chapter VI.
Cuirassier Regiments [Kirasirskie polky]*.
(* Changes in the uniform and armament of The HEIR AND TSESAREVICH’S Leib-Cuirassier Regiment will be described in a following volume under Guard Cavalry.)
11 February 1826 - The following changes are made in the uniform for Cuirassier regiments: 1.) Field and company-grade officers are to have riding breeches [reituzy, from the German Reithosen - M.C.] when wearing the undress coat [vitse-mundir]. 2.) The long white coats [mundiry] are withdrawn for field and company-grade officers. 3.) Deerskin pants [losinnyya pantalony] and jackboots [botforty] are abolished. 4.) Clerks and in general all non-combatant lower ranks are to wear grey riding breeches with stripes (194).
10 June 1826 - Riding breeches are to be without stripes, but rather have only a single piping on the side seam, the same color as the collar (Illus. 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, and 178) (195).
15 September 1826 - Lower ranks who have served out the regulation number of years without reproach and who voluntarily remain on service are to wear gold galloon sewn onto the left sleeve, as related above for Grenadier regiments (196).
1 January 1827 - In order to distinguish rank, officers’ epaulettes are to have small forged and stamped stars, of the same appearance and according to the same scheme as related above for Grenadier regiments (197).
9 May 1827 - Helmet plates are to have the image of an eagle with the wings outspread, rather than upraised. A new style of plumage [plyumazh] is authorized, thicker and longer than before, but the height of the helmet itself is decreased (Illus. 179, 180, and 181). The Order Regiment keeps its St.-George stars, as before (Illus. 181) (198).
14 December 1827 - The lace [nashivka] sewn onto lower ranks’ left sleeves, instituted on 15 September 1826 for those who have served out the regulation period required for discharge yet volunteer to remain on service, is to be either gold or silver according to the color of the non-commissioned officers’ lace in the regiment (199).
7 March 1828 - Lower ranks who return to their regiments from the Model Cavalry Regiment, as well as those who have previously been in the Instructional Cavalry Squadron, are to have tape [bason] on the shoulder straps of the same appearance and colors as related above for Grenadier regiments (200).
24 March 1828 - Lower ranks are forbidden to have cinches on their coats [mundiry] (201).
30 March 1828 - The brass fittings and iron hooks on the belts for the cartridge pouches are only for Carabiniers (202).
24 April 1828 - Instead of the grey coats [mundiry serago sveta] previously used by them, all non-combatant non-commissioned officers throughout are given dark-green frock coats with one row of buttons [temnozelenye, odnobortnye syurtuki] and the same collar, cuffs, and shoulder straps as for combatants, while the pants are grey with piping on the side seams in the same color as the collar (Illus. 182). Instead of their previous coats [mundiry], non-combatant master-craftsmen lower ranks [masterovye nestroevye nizhnie chiny], as well as infirmary orderlies [lazaretynye sluzhiteli], are to wear jackets [kurtki] of grey cloth, with distinctions as on the coats, while pants are as for the preceding non-combatants (Illus. 182) (203).
16 December 1829 - The cuffs of officers’ frock coats [syurtuki] are to be the same color as the frock instead of being colored, with piping of the same color as the collar of the coat [kolet] (Illus. 183) (204).
26 December 1829 - All combatant ranks are ordered to have uniform buttons with the raised image of a grenade with a numeral on it designating the number assigned to the regiment: Yekaterinoslav - 1; Glukhov - 2; Astrakhan - 3; Pskov - 4; Order - 5; Starodub - 6; Prince Albert of Prussia's (the former Little Russia [Malorossiiskii]) - 7; Novgorod - 8 (205).
24 September 1830 - The lining [podkladka] of officers' frock coats is to be white (206).
6 December 1831 - Prince Albert of Prussia's Cuirassier Regiment is awarded the cut-out inscription on the helmet: “Za otlichie” [“For excellence”] (Illus. 184) (207).
8 December 1831 - The front ranks of the squadrons are to have lances [piki] with shafts finished with oil paint of the same color as the cloth facings on the coat, with the pennon [flyuger] divided into three parts, of which the two outer are the same color as the collar while the middle is the color of the metal fittings. Based on this, the pennon colors are : in the Yekaterinoslav Regiment - orange with white (Illus. 185); in the Glukhov - blue with white; in the Astrakhan - yellow with white; in the Pskov - rose with white; in the Order - black with yellow; in the Starodub - light blue with yellow; in Prince Albert of Prussia's Regiment - light green with yellow; in the Novgorod - raspberry with yellow (Illus. 186) (208).
1 January 1832 - Generals who have gold swords, decorated with diamonds and with the inscription “Za khrabost” [“For courage”], are to wear these without swordknots (209).
8 June 1832 - Generals and field and company-grade officers are permitted to wear moustaches (210).
22 February 1833 - Field and company-grade officers are not to have hats or rapiers [shpagi], but at all times be in helmets with swords [palashi], and they are permitted to have riding horses with long tails. Along with this their chamois pants and jackboots formerly used for parades are withdrawn (211).
21 March 1833 - Cuirassier regiments are to have horses as follows: Yekaterinoslav - chestnuts [gnedye]; HIS IMPERIAL HIGHNESS THE GRAND DUKE MICHAEL PAVLOVICH’S (formerly the Glukhov Regiment) - sorrels [ryzhie]; Astrakhan - bays [karie], with dark chestnuts; Pskov - blacks [voronye], with bays and dark chestnuts allowed to be included; Order - chestnuts; Starodub - sorrels; Prince Albert of Prussia’s - bays, with dark chestnuts allowed to be included; HER IMPERIAL HIGHNESS THE GRAND DUCHESS HELEN PAVLOVNA’S (formerly the Novgorod) - blacks, with bays and dark chestnuts allowed to be included (212).
6 March 1834 - The former saddles [sedla] in Cuirassier regiments are replaced by light-cavalry ones of a new pattern, while the shabraques [chepraki] are replaced by saddlecloths [valtrapy] cut at the back at almost a right angle (Illus. 187 and 188) (213).
13 April 1834 - Cartridge pouches and crossbelts are to be of the new pattern, with smaller-sized cover flaps and narrower crossbelts (214).
25 April 1834 - In HER IMPERIAL HIGHNESS THE GRAND DUCHESS HELEN PAVLOVNA’S Cuirassier Regiment, the raspberry [malinovyi] color of collars, cuffs, turnback lining, piping, and saddlecloths is changed to light blue [svetlosinii] (Illus. 189) (215).
2 May 1834 - In order that swords [palashi] may be better handled, it is ordered that their hilts [yefesy] be reworked so that the straight arch [pryamaya duzhka], where it joins the headpiece [golovka], is sawn off even with the curving part [sognutaya chast], while the grip [grif], or wooden handle [derevyannaya ruchka], is cut smooth where it is pressed on by the thumb (Illus. 190) (216).
2 July 1834 - The lower ranks’ previous leather swordknots [temlyaki] with woollen tassels are replaced with all-leather ones (Illus. 190) (217).
5 July 1834 - For HER IMPERIAL HIGHNESS THE GRAND DUCHESS HELEN PAVLOVNA’S Cuirassier Regiment, the raspberry color of the lance pennons is changed to blue [sinii] (218).
3 December 1834 - It is ordered that there are to be no pistols in Cuirassier regiments (219).
19 December 1834 - For Cuirassier regiments, to fasten the swordbelt in front, it is ordered to have a yellow brass plate [blyakha] with a raised image of a grenade (Illus. 191) (220).
4 February 1835 - A new model helmet is approved, lower than previously (Illus. 191) (221).
20 February 1835 - With pistols being withdrawn from Cuirassiers, the former ramrods [shompola] over the cartridge pouches [lyadunki] are also withdrawn. Together with this, a new pattern of bandolier [pantaler], or shoulder belt [pogonnaya perevyaz], is confirmed for Carabiniers, with brass fittings, an iron hook, and a strap for the ramrod (Illus. 193) (222).
7 June 1835 - Confirmation is given to the description of the items to be stowed in the valise [chemodan], sack [sakva], and holsters [kobury]:
a.) In the valise, sack, and the holsters which were kept after the pistols were withdrawn: in the right holster - chalk [mel], paste [klei], brick [kirpich] (in a small bag), screwdriver [otvertka], two graters [terka], lubricating brush [smaznaya shchetka], and tallow [salo]; in the left holster - soap holder [mylnitsa], whitening brush [belilnaya shchetka], cleaning brush [chistaya shchetka], large comb [grebeshok], and razor [britva] (wrapped in a towel [polotentso]), small valise [chemodanchik] containing: needles, thread, scissors, and awl; in the right end of the valise - jacket [kurtka] (or coat [kolet], as to be directed), summer pants, foot-wrap cloths [portyanki], neckcloth [galstukh], cloth earmuffs [sukonnye naushniki], and one boot; in the left side of the valise - one set of underpants [podshtaniki], two shirts [rubakhi], a pair of heavy gloves [bolshiya perchatki], brush for the helmet plate, small board for buttons [pugovichnaya doshchechka], polish applicator [nakremennik], and one boot; in the sack - halter [nedoyzdok], surcingle [trok], brush, scraper [skrebnitsa], forage cap, and pouch [torba].
b.) In the valise, sack, and new-pattern holsters authorized for regimental issue as the old holsters reach their wear-out times: in the right holster - 50 nails, chalk, paste, brick (in a small bag), soap holder, two graters, screwdriver, small board for buttons, brushes for whitening and cleaning, large comb and razor (wrapped in a towel), brush for the helmet plate, scraper, and brush; in the left holster - 50 nails, pair of horseshoes, pair of boots (in one of which is a small valise containing needles, thread, awl, and scissors), lubricating brush, and tallow; in the right end of the valise - jacket (or coat), summer pants, one shirt, and a pair of heavy gloves; in the left end of the valise - two shirts, one pair of underpants, boot articles, foot-wrap cloths, neckcloth, cloth earmuffs, and polish applicator; in the sack - halter, surcingle, forage cap, and pouch (223).
19 July 1835 - Approval is given to the following description of a leather holder [chushka] in which to place the pistol, and the manner of its use:
The holder is of black, polished leather, having two leather loops on the back side, i.e. on that side which faces the body, and above on the same side a looped leather strap; and on the outside, opposite the looped strap, a leather toggle for fastening. The holder is put onto the swordbelt on the left side and fitted so that it is on the left hip, with the swordbelt passing through the loops. A whitened, deerskin, 1/2-inch strap, 4 feet 3 inches long, has at one end an elongated slit 1 3/4 inches long; the opposite end is bent back and sewn closed, making a large loop 24 inches long, on which goes a movable, leather loop made of deerskin. This strap is always around the pistol and fastened in the following manner: the end which has the small slit is passed from the left side through the brass trigger guard; then the other end of the strap is passed through this slit and pulled tight; secondly, this strap is wrapped around the butt behind the trigger guard and, passing the end with the loop and keeping that underneath itself, it is tightened again. After this the remaining part of the strap is wound around the butt from the left-hand side to the right, and the end of the large loop is passed from the right side through the brass trigger guard to the hammer on top. In this way the pistol is fitted into its holder and secured by the leather loop and toggle.
When out protecting the flanks [vo flankirovke], or during battle, the end of the strap with the large loop is worn around the neck, and so that this loop does not become undone, it is tightened with an movable deerskin ring; the other end, though, always remains secured to the pistol.
When firing has ceased, the pistol is placed into its holder, while the strap remains around the neck if circumstances are foreseen in which the pistol may again be used (224).
31 January 1836 - Lower ranks’greatcoats are to have nine buttons instead of ten, as related above for Grenadier regiments (225).
13 May 1836 - Officers’ saddle girths [podprugi] are to be white with red stripes (226).
9 October 1836 - As a place for their pistols, staff-trumpeters and trumpeters are to have holders [chushki] of a special pattern, fitting them to the saddle over the saddlecloth on the left side, and for the cartridges they are to have cartridge pouches [lyadunki] with crossbelts, as for the rest of the lower ranks (Illus. 194) (227).
14 February 1837 - Staff-trumpeters and trumpeters, who are authorized pistols when mounted in formation and pouches for the cartridges, are directed to also wear these cartridge pouches when in formation on foot (228).
15 July 1837 - A new pattern of officer’s sash is approved, the same as described above for Grenadier regiments (229).
17 December 1837 - A new pattern for officers’ epaulettes is confirmed, the same as that introduced at this time for Grenadier regiments, i.e. with an additional, fourth, twist of braid (230).
11 January 1838 - Approval is given to this description of the officer's saddle which was prescribed for use on 6 March 1834:
1.) The mouthpiece [mundshtuk] and snaffle [trenzel] are similar to those for soldiers, but with the difference that on the soldiers' mouthpieces the buckles are iron and on the bridle cross-straps [pleteshki] there is a leather boss [puklya], or "turnip" [repeek], while for officers the buckles are brass or tombak [tompakovyi], and instead of a boss, there is a round plate [blyakha] of the same metal. The reins of the mouthpiece and snaffle are like those for soldiers, but they are made lighter and narrower. The snaffle's small chain and toggles [tsepochka i kostylki] are brass.
2.) The chestband [poperse] is the same as for soldiers, except for the leather boss on the chest, which is replaced by a brass plate, but with the same buckle where the ends of the straps join. Also, on both sides of the chestband are straps to go around the greatcoat, held to the lower part of the holsters by means of a leather loop.
3.) Cruppers [pakhvy] are similar to those for soldiers, but at the tail end, as decoration, there is a brass button on each side, and 7 inches above them, a brass plate with a similar buckle.
4.) The saddle [sedlo], bound in black leather, has leather flaps [krylya] on both sides, small ones above and beneath them - large ones, rounded on the bottom, 12 1/2 inches wide at the top, 13 inches wide at the bottom, and 16 1/2 inches long. Underneath the upper flaps are iron brackets through which are passed the stirrup straps. Below the saddle are attached three straps on both sides, and under them a cushion [podushka] is tightly fitted, lined around with black leather and above with white, quilted kersey [karazei] stuffed with wool.
On both sides over this pillow are white, leather flaps to protect it from the straps.
On both sides in front of the saddle there are strips of iron, lined with leather, 1 1/2 inches wide and 6 inches long, to which the holsters are fastened. On the front arch [luka] there are two oblong holes through which the chest strap is passed, and which are lined on top with brass rectangles as a kind of buckle. The front and back arches are likewise lined with brass, and the latter has red leather glued over it.
In front of the saddle on both sides, held by screws, are leather holsters [olstredi] with brass endpieces, the length of which is 16 inches as measured from the screws, while the holster proper is 12 3/4 inches long on its upper side and 11 1/2 inches on its lower side (considering the part of the lower side which goes toward the horse's leg, and not which lies on the neck). The width of the opening into which the pistol is placed is 2 1/2 inches.
Under the front arch is a leather loop, through which passes a strap and buckle for holding the greatcoat, and additionally, on the strap there is a leather loop with a brass ring.
An iron bracket is fixed under the rear arch, and underneath the saddle are four rectangular iron brackets fastened onto straps. Through these brackets pass the valise straps and the upper ends of the crupper.
Stirrup straps [putlishcha] are of the pattern for soldiers, with iron buckles. Stirrups [stremena] are of the previous pattern for officers.
The saddle girth [podpruga] is of interwoven wool, 6 1/2 inches wide, and varies in length according to the size of the horse, having two iron buckles on both ends.
In general, the entire harness for officers' saddles has straps that are somewhat narrower than those for soldiers' saddles.
5.) The saddlecloth [valtrap] is of cloth according to the pattern for soldiers, with galloon trim. Monograms and crowns are gold or silver, according to the color of the buttons on the coat. On both sides of the saddlecloth, straps are sewn onto the leather part, varying in length according to the girth of the horse; of these, the one on the right side has an iron buckle.
6.) The surcingle [trok] with an encircling belt is of wide braid [shirokaya tesma], trimmed with cloth the color of the saddlecloth, and having a leather endpiece on one end and an iron buckle on the other.
7.) The valise [chemodan] is of dark blue-grey cloth, with four buttons according to the pattern for soldiers, 21 inches long and 4 3/4 inches wide (231).
23 February 1838 - The following regulations are confirmed concerning the pistol holders [chushki] introduced on 9 October 1836:
1.) The holder is stitched to the top of the saddlecloth [valtrap] on the left side by means of two straps, with an encircling strap passing under its cover flap.
2.) For trumpeters the pistol holders are likewise on the left side, stitching them to the saddlecloth in the same way as described in point 1.
3.) There is no longer a pistol holder with the swordbelt, but during parades and while on the march, pistols are kept in holders stitched onto the saddlecloths. During all cavalry training and maneuvers, the pistol is to be held by a small strap sewn onto the inside of the swordbelt.
4.) The deerskin pistol strap is always to be kept with the pistol, as prescribed on 19 July 1835. But during all cavalry training and maneuvers, it is to be worn on the neck so that all detachments ordered to move out on the flanks are always in complete readiness for action (232).
26 February 1838 - Trumpeters are to have cloth shoulder straps, like other lower ranks (Illus. 195) (233).
17 April 1838 - For the regiments of HER IMPERIAL HIGHNESS THE GRAND DUCHESS MARY NIKOLAEVNA (formerly the Yekaterinoslav), HIS IMPERIAL HIGHNESS THE GRAND DUKE MICHAEL PAVLOVICH, and HER IMPERIAL HIGHNESS THE GRAND DUCHESS HELEN PAVLOVNA, the collars and cuffs of officers' coats are to have double bars of lace [po dve shityya petlitsy]: in the first two regiments - silver, and in the last - gold (Illus. 196) (234).
27 November 1838 - Carabiniers’ bandoliers [pantalery] in Cuirassier regiments are to be fitted in the style of Light Cavalry, i.e. so that the bandolier belt is longer than the cartridge-pouch belt (Illus. 197), in accordance with the following description approved by HIGHEST AUTHORITY:
1.) The bandolier is worn across the left shoulder, over the cartridge-pouch belt; its width is equal to that of this belt, i.e. 2 5/8 inches. It is made long enough so that when the bandolier is worn and the carbine is hanging on its hook, there is 3 1/2 inches from the right elbow to the end of the butt.
2.) To the bandolier over the chest, underneath and next to the left shoulder, is sewn a small strap, 7 inches long, which is passed through two small holes in the cartridge-pouch belt and tied below.
3.) The end of the bandolier, going from under the right hand to the back, passes through the clasp and bow [zapryazhnik i pryazhechnaya duzhka] of the buckle, and being bent downwards near the bow, is tightly sewn to the side facing the back.
4.) The other end of the bandolier, going over the left shoulder, passes through the buckle where it is held by two prongs, and then through the clasp, and a brass endpiece is fastened to the end with a small strap.
5.) The upper edge of the brass buckle is to be no further than 3 1/2 inches from the back edge of the left shoulder strap. Likewise, the distance between the buckle and clasp and between the latter and the endpiece is to be no further than 3 1/2 inches (235).
4 January 1839 - Generals and field and company-grade officers are not to have any bows or bands on the front of their pants, but are rather to have them completely smooth, like the pattern established for lower ranks (236).
16 October 1840 - The regulation concerning lower ranks’ chevrons [shevrony] is confirmed as laid out above for Grenadier regiments (237).
23 January 1841 - The capes of officers’ greatcoats are to be 28 inches long as measured from the bottom edge of the collar (238).
31 January 1843 - The lances in the regiments are to be reworked according to the new pattern, so that the shaft [drevko] with its endpiece [nakonechnik] measures 10 1/2 feet (Illus. 198) (239).
8 April 1843 - In order to distinguish rank among the lower ranks, lace [nashivki] is to be sewn onto the shoulder straps of coats and greatcoats according to the following directions:
1.) For senior sergeants [starshie vakhtmistry] - wide gold or silver (according to the color of the buttons) galloon, sewn in one row across the shoulder straps, close to the button hole, as related above for sergeants [feldfebeli] of Grenadier regiments.
2.) For distinguished officer candidates [portupei-yunkera] and officer candidates [yunkera] - gold or silver (according to the color of the buttons) galloon, sewn along the edges of the shoulder strap, as related above for distinguished officer candidates and officer candidates of Grenadier regiments.
3.) For junior sergeants [mladshchie vakhtmistry] - narrow, white, woollen lace with a red stripe down the center, in three rows across the shoulder strap, as related above for section non-commission officers of Grenadier regiments.
4.) For non-commissioned officers [unter-ofitsery] - the same lace, in two rows, as related above for non-commissioned officers of Grenadier regiments.
5.) For corporals [yefreitory] - the same lace, in one row, as related above for lance-corporals in Grenadier regiments (240).
10 May 1843 - Cover flaps [kryshki] for cartridge pouches are to be (with the cover sewn to the box): 8 inches long, 9 inches wide at the top edge, and 10 inches wide along the bottom edge. The oval belt rings for carabiniers are to be replaced with circular ones. Belts are attached to the stocks of the carbines by means of special straps with buckles, and in order to avoid the upper brass band hitting the spurs, as well as so that the carbines do not drag on the ground when dismounted, they are to be raised up by shortening the bandolier, according to the height of the individual (241).
2 January 1844 - The bands of officers’ forage caps are to have cockades, as related above for Grenadier regiments (242).
2 February 1844 - Sergeants [vakhtmistry] and non-commissioned officers [unter-ofitsery] are to have a single pistol in the left holder [chushka], as related above for trumpeters (243).
19 February 1844 - The shortening of the bandolier as established on 10 May 1843, in accordance with an individual's height, is to be done by means of a brass ring on its end, so that below it is even with the lower edge of the coat (Illus. 199) (244).
1844 May 20 - A new scheme for the various forage caps of lower ranks is confirmed, based on which they remain white as before, while the piping around the top is to be: in the 1st double-squadron [divizion] - red, in the 2nd - light blue, in the 3rd - dark green, and in the replacement [zapasnyi] and reserve [rezervnyi] [squadrons - M.C.] - without piping. The cap band is prescribed to be the same color as the coat collar, with two white pipings around both edges, and with the cut-out number of the squadron and the Cyrillic letter E [for eskadron]. When the cap band is yellow or orange, the numeral and letter are to be on red cloth, and for other colors they are to be on yellow. For officers of all double-squadrons the cap band is the same as the lower ranks', with two white pipings, but without a numeral or letter, while the piping around the top of the forage cap is the same color as the band (245).
21 September 1844 - Non-commissioned officer standard-bearers [shtandartnye unter-ofitsery] in formation are to always have the cartridge pouch under the crossbelt for the standard (246).
27 January 1845 - The previous helmets with hair combs [volosyanyi plyumazh] are replaced by new ones with plumes [sultany] of black hair, or red for trumpeters, like those introduced on 9 May 1844 in the Army Infantry (Illus. 200, 201, and 202). Along with this, hats are restricted to generals only (247).
15 November 1845 - All Cuirassier regiments are to have pioneer axes [shantsovye topory], issuing them to the right-hand men of the rear rank [pravye flangovye chiny zadnei sherengi]. Additionally, there are to be 56 iron spades [lopaty] in each regiment, with the axes fitted to the left side of the saddle and the spades to the right side, on top of the saddlecloth. Both are in leather cases, and the handles have the wood covered with lacquer (Illus. 203) (248).
19 November 1845 - On the lances, the clamps [skoby] which come out of the sharp upper end and blunt lower end to hold them to the shaft, as well as the “ears” in which the lance sling [temlyak] goes, are to be painted the same color as the shafts, as was done on the lances of the previous pattern (249).
2 February 1846 - Cuirassier regiments are to have metal helmets, without plumes: in the regiments of the 1st Cuirassier Division - of steel [stalnaya], with grenades, plates, coats-of-arms, and chin scales of yellow brass, and in the regiments of the 2nd Cuirassier Division - of tombak [tompakovaya], with grenades, plates, coats-of-arms, and chin scales (and with the badge of distinction, too, in Prince Albert of Prussia's Regiment) of tinned brass, except for the Military Order Regiment, which as before retains the star of this Order in yellow brass with applied enamel (Illus. 204, 205, and 206). Officers not in a unit formation [vne fronta] may wear leather helmets with the previous metal fittings (250).
7 May 1846 - All Cuirassier regiments are to have polished cuirasses of a new pattern: in the regiments of the 1st Cuirassier Division - white with yellow scales, rivets, and buckle, and black straps, and in the regiments of the 2nd Cuirassier Division - all yellow, with red straps and trim (Illus. 207 and 208) (251).
13 September 1846 - Officers' pistols are to be of the new pattern with a percussion lock (Illus. 209), for which new carriers [kobury] are approved, made to fit their locks (252).
7 July 1847 - Regimental adjutants [Polkovye adyutanty] in mounted formation are to have horses of the color prescribed for the regiments, not forbidding whomever wishes, however, to also have grey horses (253).
9 January 1848 - Field and company-grade officers of Cuirassier regiments, on those days when after guard mount they must remain in parade uniform, are allowed to wear, for walking out, their prescribed frock coats along with helmets with plumes (254).
19 January 1848 - With the introduction of officers’ pistols with percussion locks, HIGHEST AUTHORITY confirms the following description of the firing-cap pouch [kapsyulnaya sumochka] worn with the cartridge pouch:
Pouch with cover flap for firing caps, of black, polished leather, 3 inches wide at the top but 3 1/8 inches wide at the bottom, 1 1/4 inches high, with a leather fringe on the inside so that the firing caps do not fall out. This pouch is to have its top sewn to the cartridge box under the cover flap of the cartridge pouch, and have its bottom held by a small strap to a small brass nail driven into the center of the box 1/2 inch from the lower edge of the cartridge pouch (255).
25 April 1848 - The valise’s flap [klapan na chemodane] with buttons is completely done away with, this being applicable to all mounted troops (256).
[Note by M.C.
]
War Ministry Orders. St.
Petersburg, 25 April 1848. No. 80.
The
SOVEREIGN EMPEROR is pleased to order: on valises in all Guards and
Army Cavalry, as well as in Horse and Foot Artillery, Horse-Pioneer
Battalions, and in the Train, the flap with buttons is completely
done away with, since this flap proves to be completely superfluous
because the valise's opening is located on the opposite side.
I
hereby announce this the HIGHEST will, and be advised that the
buttons now on the valises are to be turned in to the Commissariat
Commission.
Signed:
General-Adjutant Prince Chernyshev.
31 March 1849 - Since it has been noted that when lower ranks are riding, the swordbelt is pulled too much by the sword, it is directed that the coats of these ranks have small brass hooks (257).
24 December 1849 - The grips of the gold swords awarded for bravery are to be gold instead of wrapped with leather (258).
30 March 1851 - With the introduction of smaller bandoliers and crossbelts with a movable firing-cap pouch fitted onto a small iron hook, the following description of them is approved:
a.) Cartridge-pouch crossbelt [Lyadunochnaya perevyaz]. Its length is determined by the individual's build; 1-3/4 inches wide; the edges are stitched along the whole length; the stitches are 1/4 inch from the edges, with 1 1/10 inches in the middle between the stitchings; its ends are cut at an angle for a length of 5 inches so that they can be inserted to fasten to the cartridge-pouch buckle; sewn-on loops, the upper one circular and the lower one an oval, in which the carbine ramrod is put, remain as before. A strap for the ramrod is sewn on 1/2 inch below the upper, circular loop.
b.) Bandolier [Pantaler]. The length is to be 5 feet, so that if necessary the inside end may be folded under or let out, as required by the individual's build. Its width and the stitching along the edges are to be exactly the same as for the cartridge-pouch crossbelt. Under the bandolier, on the cartridge-pouch crossbelt, in the middle, and starting from the shoulder, is sewn a deerskin strap 9 inches long and 1/2 inch wide, the lower end of which is fastened to a small, leather button sewn on within, on which is fixed the firing-cap pouch by means of a hook, so that the pouch can be moved back and forth.
c.) The bandolier’s brass fittings and iron hook. The patterns for the buckle, slide, endpiece, and hook remain the same. The width of the buckle and inside of the slide is to be 2 inches, so that the bandolier can freely move through them. The endpiece with six teeth is also the same width as the bandolier, while the iron hook, where the bandolier passes through it, is also to be 2 inches wide on the inside.
d.) Firing-cap pouch [Kapsyulnaya sumochka]. Of the previous pattern, with the only difference being that on the leather where it is fastened with small buttons, a small, flat, metal hook is placed in the center, held with four small rivets; its length is 1 1/2 inches (Illus. 210) (259).
15 April 1851 - Approval is given to the following description for fitting straps to the valise for dismounted lower ranks in the Cavalry, applicable to the entire Cavalry, and prescribed to also be in effect for personnel released on leave from Cavalry units.
Three polished leather straps are used to carry the valise. One is a shoulder strap, 64 inches long and 7/8 inch wide, having sewn onto one end a blued iron buckle with a slide and two leather loops, 3/5 inch wide and as long as the strap is wide, one of which is sewn on right next to the buckle, and the other is movable. The remaining two straps, termed the valise straps, each being 28 inches long and of the same width as the shoulder strap, have the same buckle and loops sewn onto their ends as does the shoulder strap. On each of the ends of these straps, 4 3/4 inches from the buckle, a short, small strap is sewn along the lower edge of the strap, of the same width as the straps and 2 7/8 inches long. These small straps are sewn with the stitching next to both edges of the large strap so that in their center a large hole (opening) is left that is as wide as the shoulder strap, which is passed through them, as described below. Of the three enumerated straps, the two valise straps are placed on both ends of the valise so that, 2 5/8 inches from its flat ends, they lay with the holes (openings) on the valise seam from which runs the valise's lengthwise opening, and encircling the valise, they are snugly fastened around it by means of their buckles. Then the strap for the shoulder is passed through the valise straps' openings and with the valise is worn by the individual over the right shoulder, buckled on the middle of the chest. The valise with its packed items is to be drawn tightly around the middle with a small, short strap just as done when harnessing it to the saddle. But when carrying the valise on foot, the shoulder strap is to be passed underneath the aforementioned small, short strap.
For this wearing of the valise by lower ranks on foot, the necessary straps with buckles are to be obtained from worn-out harness straps and saddlery (260).
25 June 1851 - Generals of Cuirassier regiments are ordered not to carry stars of orders [ordenskiya zvezdy] on their cuirasses as has been done previously, with them fixed to the cuirasses, but are rather to wear only orders and badges for distinction [ordena i znaki otlichiya] on the cuirasses (261). [What this regulation says is that only the small crosses of medals and awards are to be worn, and not the associated large stars that are also part of the regalia of an awarded order - M.C.]
3 January 1852 - The cases or coverings [chekhly ili nakladki] introduced for Army Infantry on 8 July 1851 for the firing nipples of percussion weapons are to be used on percussion firearms in Cavalry forces (262).
16 July 1852 - Cases or coverings for the firing nipples of percussion weapons of Army Cavalry forces are to be according to the description confirmed by HIGHEST AUTHORITY on 8 July 1851, and laid out in detail above for Grenadier regiments, with the only difference being that the small strap of black Russian leather that is fixed to the case, and which by means of a small slit cut in itself serves to hold it to the trigger guard, is not to have any buttons, and that this small strap itself is to be made 5 1/4 inches long instead of 4 3/8 inches, since cavalry weapons do not have a sling attachment at the trigger guard to which, in the infantry, the small strap is held (263).
29 September 1852 - With the appointment of HIS IMPERIAL HIGHNESS THE GRAND DUKE NICHOLAS NIKOLAEVICH as honorary colonel [Shef] of the Astrakhan Cuirassier Regiment, field and company-grade officers of this regiment are to have silver lace bars on the collar and cuffs of the coat [kolet] (Illus. 211) (264).
13 August 1853 - When generals and field and company-grade officers of Army Cuirassier regiments are in campaign uniform with frock coats without sashes, they are to buckle on the swordbelts over the frock coats. This applies to all cavalry forces throughout, for the army as well as the guard, including artillery, horse pioneers, gendarmes, and the train (265).
15 November 1853 - HIGHEST AUTHORITY approves the following descriptions:
a.) Description of the new way to roll soldiers’ greatcoats on saddles.
In the previous method of tying the greatcoat onto the soldier's horse furniture, the greatcoat was spread out and rolled up; for rolling up the greatcoat, three men were needed.
To roll up the greatcoat in the new method, it is spread out to its entire width and, beginning at the collar, tightly rolled, then packed onto the front arch, its skirts or ends folded back on the front arch so that the greatcoat is covered by the saddlecloth. The greatcoat straps for tying it remain as before. The rolling up of the greatcoat in the indicated fashion has the advantage over the previous method in that each soldier can easily and quickly fold up his greatcoat without anyone else's help, as well as untie it to put it on while sitting on his horse, or roll it up and tie up its straps, also while on horseback.
b.) Description of the new-pattern Light-Cavalry horse furniture for officers.
Saddle - like the previous model, without any changes except that under the front arch, attached 5 inches from the top, there is a rawhide leather loop for packing the greatcoat.
Sweatcloth [potnik] (of two layers of felt) - the previous pattern was lined above and below with black cloth, but with the new pattern the upper part is lined with black calf leather. And on this leather, in the back part of the sweatcloth, on the sides, pockets are made of the same kind of leather, for storing horseshoes. In the center of these pockets are pockets for holding nails. Each pocket is closed with a leather cover flap, fastened with a leather toggle. The lower part of the sweatcloth is not lined with anything.
Pistol cases [Pistolnyya kobury] - remain without change, but on each case are sewn two covers of black calf leather as wide as the case is long. One cover, 16 inches long, with a small, polished leather strap sewn onto the center, 2/3 inch wide, serves to cover the greatcoat in front, so that it may not be sweated upon by the horse. Another cover, 12 inches long, serves to wrap one boot at each holder, the boot with the cover being held by the holder's small strap and buckle.
Small greatcoat [Shinelka] - in the previous model this was a dummy, but in the new pattern, in place of the abolished false small greatcoat, the present summer greatcoat for officers is strapped on. This greatcoat is rolled and strapped on in the same way as the soldier's greatcoat, according to the method recently approved by Highest authority, and is protected by the leather cover sewn onto the pistol cases.
Valise [Chemodan] - of the previous pattern, but different in that the valise is reduced in size. Its finished length is 19 inches; its ends are round, their width including the edging being 4 inches. An opening is made in the valise for a length of 16 inches, and over the valise is fitted a flap or cover of the same cloth as the valise, 20 inches wide and 21 inches long. This cover has a black, leather lining; between the lining and the cloth there is black, lacquered oilcloth, for the whole area of the cover, to protect the items that are in the valise from getting wet when it rains. In the middle of the cover, on the inside, an opening is made in the leather, which is closed by small loops. When necessary, items may be stowed in this opening, and this cover can serve in place of a pillow. Also on the inside of the cover are sewn one large and two small pockets, in which may be placed the items listed below. This cover is fastened to the valise by two toggles on the sides and leather loops sewn onto the valise. On the top of the cover are sewn three loops through which pass the harness straps for packing the valise onto the saddle.
Stowage of items in the valise: in the right side - sheet [prostynya], l; gloves, 1 pair; shirt [rubakha], 1; bandages - 12 feet in length - 2 pieces; socks, l; compress, lint, handkerchiefs [nosovye platki] - 2; in the left side - shirt, 1; drawers [podshtanniki], 2; towel, 1.
In the valise cover in the small pockets made for each item: razors, 2; shaving brush, 1; scissors, 1; hair comb, 1; pencil, 1; writing paper.
Saddlecloth [Valtrap] - of the previous pattern, but with the difference that on the front part of the saddlecloth, next to the cases, for ease of withdrawing and replacing the pistols, slits are made which are covered by flaps of the same kind of cloth. These flaps are on a leather lining and sewn onto the saddlecloth, being fastened by small loops and toggles.
Although in this description there are listed the items which must be stowed in the valise and its cover, each officer, not limited to the list, may have in the valise other items which by his own judgment he finds more necessary for himself.
c.) List of items which the cavalry soldier must have while on campaign and at inspectors' reviews:
Forage cap, second dress coat [mundir vtoroi] and riding breeches, cloth jacket [kurtka] instead of a smock [kitel], neckcloth, cloth earmuffs, gloves, up to three shirts, woollen socks, one pair of foot wrappings, cloth stomach wrap [nabryushnik], one pair of boots or boot articles, tin case with spare firing caps [kapsyuli], spare priming nipple [zatravochnyi sterzhen] for those personnel using them, smeared with grease and strung on a thread - on campaign as well as for inspections.
Sack [sakva] for rusk and groats and a special small bag for salt - only on campaign.
Brush for grease or tallow, polish [vaksa] in a tin container, piece of tallow wrapped in linen, only for campaign.
Small button board, brushes: clothes, boot, and whitening; chalk, paste, soap, scissors, small knife, moustache dye [fabra dlya usov], dye comb, needles - not less than three, thimble, thread, awl, wax end [dratva], wax [vosk], hair comb, razor, towel, small pouch [karmanchik] for storing sundries - the soldier must always have all these items, with unit leaders being personally responsible. During marches or moves they are to be stowed in leather pouches [kozhanyya sumki] on the saddle, as many as deemed necessary; they are not to be presented during inspections. It is not required that they be new and soldiers are not obligated to observe uniformity in material or stylish workmanship, but it is to be made sure that they are suitable for use and of such size as to be able to be comfortably stowed in the pouches.
For the horse: scraper [skrebnitsa], horse brush, surcingle for the saddlecloth [trok poponnyi], horse pouch [torba konskaya], forage sack [sakva furazhnaya], halter of rawhide leather, with a hair tie-rope [chumbur], forage lasso [furazhnyi arkan] - rolled, one pair of horseshoes, with the necessary number of nails - on campaign as well as for inspections.
d.) Description of the various articles needed by the cavalry soldier to keep his equipment clean and in good condition, with directions where such are to be stowed.
In the valise: in the right end - dress coat [mundir], neckcloth, two shirts - according to pattern, ordinary woollen socks, tin case with 40 spare firing caps - according to pattern; in the left end - cloth riding breeches according to pattern, cloth earmuffs, gloves, cloth stomach wrap - according to pattern - made from worn-out pieces of uniform clothing, standard foot wraps made from linen lining, sack for rusk and groats and a special small bag for salt - of linen lining, 1 3/4 inches long and 7 inches wide, sewn across to keep the groats and rusk separate, the small bag is of the same linen, about 7 inches long and 4 1/2 inchs wide; shirt, if the soldier has three.
In the pouches [sumki] kept on the saddle:
In the right one:
1.) Brush for cleaning clothes - 2 1/4
inches wide and about 5 inches long, of plain wood and bristles.
2.)
Boot brush - The same.
3.) Brush for whitening accouterments - Of
the same material, but round, about 2 1/2 inches across.
4.) Small
board for button cleaning - About 2 inches wide and long enough to
hold 6 buttons at once for cleaning.
5.) Scraper - Standard, iron,
5 1/2 inches long, 4 1/2 inches wide, with a strap held by a small
button, so the hand can fit in.
6.) Horse brush - Made of
bristles, half of hair, plain block, oval, wrapped with black
leather, about 6 inches long and 4 1/2 inches wide, also with a
strap, held to the sides by two nails.
7.) Surcingle for the horse
cloth - Standard, woven, about 5 feet 10 inches long, with an iron
buckle and slide, and rawhide endpieces about 18 inches long.
8.)
Small knife - With a blade about 3 1/2 inches long, so that it may be
used to cut bread, scrape chalk for whitening accouterments, and do
everything required in a soldier's daily life.
9.) Scissors- Such
that military linen, cloth, and so on may be cut.
10.) Chalk and
paste (The chalk wrapped in paper so that it is not worn
down or marks up other items.) - Ordinary, about 1/4
pound.
11.) Soap - Plain, about 1/4 pound.
12.) Wax - For
waxing threads or wax ends, a fraction of an ounce.
13.) Thread -
Plain, for sewing underclothes and repairing clothing, as much as
needed.
14.) Wax end - One for stitching and one for welts on
boots, at least two ends.
15.) Awl - Ordinary, shaped like a shoe
last.
16.) Needles - At least three.
17.) Thimble - Ordinary,
as used by tailors.
18.) Razor - Ordinary, with a bone or horn
handle.
19.) Comb - Simple, about 4 inches long.
20.) Comb for
dye - Metal, about 3 1/2 inches long including the handle.
21.)
Black dye, wrapped in paper - Made from wax, grease, and soot, enough
to dye the moustache and sideburns several times.
22.) Towel (In
which are wrapped: razor, comb, dye comb, and dye.) - Of
ordinary shirt linen, about 3 feet long, to use for wiping the
face.
23.) Small pouch [karmanchik] for storing all the
items mentioned in points 8 to 23 - Made from worn-out clothing,
about 9 inches long and 7 inches deep, so that all these items may be
placed therein.
In the left one:
1.) One pair of boots, or the makings of a
boot - Standard pattern for soldiers.
2.) Boot polish - In a round
tin.
3.) Piece of tallow, wrapped in linen - Ordinary, fresh, pig
or cow, about 1/4 pound, or enough so that if necessary one can
grease the horse's hooves or the leather items on the saddle.
4.)
Grease brush - Oval, with protruding ends, about 7 inches long, of
plain wood, hair bristles, for greasing hooves and leather
equipment.
5.) Horse pouch - Of ordinary pouch linen.
In addition to these items, the following must also be
accommodated:
1.) One pair of horseshoes, with the requisite
number of nails in pockets located on the cover of the sweatcloth -
Standard pattern used by the cavalry.
2.) Forage cap with the
greatcoat on the front arch - From worn-out uniform clothing, made
according to the pattern and colors prescribed for the regiment.
3.)
Halter in front of the saddle, below the greatcoat - Ordinary,
according to pattern, of rawhide leather, with a hair tie-rope.
4.)
Cloth jacket (which replaced the smock) stowed in the middle of the
saddle - According to pattern.
5.) Cloth horse cloth folded into
quarters and laid on the saddle under the saddlecloth -
According to pattern.
6.) Forage lasso, underneath the rear arch
on the ledge of the saddletree [na lavkakh lenchika] -
According to pattern.
7.) Sack for rusk and groats; if filled with
rusk and other stuffs, then it is to be strapped to the front arch
and covered by the saddlecloth - According to pattern.
8.) Forage
pouch, in which is put 8 potfulls of oats, packed onto the rear arch
- According to pattern.
All the paragraphs apply in equal measure to the other troops of the Army and Guards cavalry, except for the Guards Cuirassier Division, which is treated below in the section for Guards Cuirassier regiments (266).
29 April 1854 - During wartime, generals and field and company-grade officers are to have campaign greatcoats of the same color and pattern as the greatcoats of lower ranks, as described above for Grenadier regiments, and adopting the same rules for use. It is laid down that swordbelts and cartridge-pouch crossbelts are to be worn with the greatcoat, with the galloon prescribed for them according to the color of the buttons, while sashes, as in the infantry, are not to be worn (Illus. 212) (267).
[28-29 December 1855 - Regarding the replacement in the army cavalry of jackets [kurtki] by smocks [kiteli]. (RGVIA, f. 14940, op. 1-2 (shtab 4-go Armeiskago korpusa 1830-64), d. 747, 27 ll. 607 99-031) - M.C.]
Notes to the Illustrations
By Mark Conrad
171. Since 1814, the white coat was single-breasted. Piping was in the regimental facing color, as were the collar, cuffs, and (for lower ranks) piping around the seam where the arm joined the body of the coat. Turnbacks were white with edging in the facing color. Shoulder straps were in the facing color, piped white. White gloves.
Equipment was white with brass fittings. The black cartridge pouch had a round brass plate with a double-headed eagle for lower ranks, and the Tsar's monogram for officers.
The black leather helmet was the model in use during the Napoleonic Wars. It had brass edging on the visor and on the front of the support for the crest.
Cuirasses were black with red cord edging and brass fittings (but the scales on the straps for lower ranks were black), except in the Pskov Regiment where the cuirasses were copper. The belt around the waist of the coat was white, but the belt around the cuirass was black.
Zweguintzow is of the opinion that 1826 was the date when the riding breeches with piping in the facing color changed from grey to blue-grey.
The swordknots were as laid down in 1802: red Russian leather with tassels according to the squadron (1st Squadron - white, 2nd - sky blue, 3rd - yellow, 4th - black, 5th - green, [and since 1812] 6th - red, 7th - white and red.
The saddlecloth was in the facing color, with a band around the edges in the same color as the buttons. A white forage sack was fitted in front of the dark blue-grey valise.
In 1826 the facings and buttons were as follows: Yekaterinoslav -orange/silver; Glukhov - dark blue/silver; Astrakhan - yellow/silver; Pskov - rose/silver; Order - black/gold; Starodub - light blue/gold; Little Russia - light green/gold; Novgorod - raspberry/gold.
172. Leather reinforcement can be seen on the riding breeches.
173. Trumpeters did not have shoulder straps at this time, nor die they wear the cuirass. Musicians' tape was white with a center light in the facing color.
175. As a regimental distinction, officers of the Order Regiment had the star of the Order of St. George on their cartridge pouches.
176. The black hat had a feather plume of white over black and orange. A black and orange cockade was held by gold or silver lace and a button. The dark-green undress coat, or vitse-mundir, had a white lining and piping in the facing color. Collar and cuffs, as well as the pants, are dark green.
178. The white forage cap had a band and piping around the top in the facing color; the band has white piping on top and bottom. Letters on the band were yellow.
179. Plain buttons.
181. All ranks of the Order Regiment had the star of the Order of St. George on their helmets.
182. The non-combatant NCOs have dark-green caps with bands and piping around the top, both in the facing color. The master craftsman wears all grey except for piping in the facing color.
183. The frock coat and pants are dark green with piping in the facing color.
192. The skull and comb of the helmet are all black, except for the three-sided metal reinforcement on the front of the comb support.
195. Musicians' tape in the Order Regiment was made of three black and two orange stripes.
197. The belt and straps holding the carbine are white.
200. The black leather helmets have bands of brass reinforcement.
204-205. The helmets are entirely of metal. The star of the Order of St. George is large enough here to see the Cyrillic SG in its center, surrounded by "FOR SERVICE AND BRAVERY"; this officer is wearing the frock coat under the greatcoat. Apparently, lower ranks' greatcoats had shoulder straps, collar patches, and collar piping all in the facing color. The same would apply to officers, except that they had a cape and no shoulder straps.
******************
(1) Collection of Laws and Directives [Sobran.
Zakon. i Postanovl.], 1826, Book I, pg. 105.
(2) Ibid., Book
II, pg. 47.
(3) Ibid., Book III, pg. 255.
(4) Ibid., 1827,
Book I, pg. 3.
(5) Ibid., Book III, pg. 89.
(6) Ibid., 1828,
Book I, pg. 183.
(7) Ibid., pg. 211.
(8) Ibid., pp, 131 et
seq.
(9) Ibid., 1829, Book II, pg. 221, § 12.
(10)
Ibid., Book III, pg. 129; and information received from the
Commissariat Department of the War Ministry.
(11) Collection of
Laws and Directives, 1829, Book IV, pg. 115.
(12) Ibid., 1830,
Book III, pg. 179.
(13) Ibid., 1831, Book II, pg. 39.
(14)
HIGHEST Order.
(15) Collection of Laws and
Directives, 1832, Book I, pg. 3.
(16) Ibid., Book II, pg. 545.
(17) Ibid., 1833, Book I, pg. 419.
(18) Ibid., 1833, Book I,
pg. 435.
(19) Ibid., pp. 66-117, and HIGHEST
confirmed list of badges for distinction.
(20) Collection of Laws
and Directives, 1832, Book I, pg. 3.
(21) Ibid., pg. 465.
(22)
Ibid., pg. 479.
(23) From papers in the Commissariat Department
of the War Ministry.
(24) Collection of Laws and Directives,
1833, Book III, pp. 199-203.
(25) Ibid., 1834, Book I, pg. 103.
(26) Ibid., Book III, pg. 465.
(27) Ibid., 1835, Book III,
pg. 179.
(28) Ibid., 1836, Book I, pg. 137.
(29) From papers
in the Commissariat Department of the War Ministry.
(30)
Collection of Laws and Directives, 1833, Book III, pp. 199-203.
(31)
Ibid., pg. 209.
(32) Ibid., Book IV, pg. 157.
(33) Ibid.,
1837, Book I, pg. 353.
(34) Ibid., Book III, pg. 47.
(35)
Ibid., Book IV, pg. 325.
(36) Ibid., 1838, Book I, pg. 19.
(37)
Ibid., 1839, Book I, pg. 3.
(38) Ibid., pg. 179.
(39) Order
of the Minister of War, 16 October 1840, No
71.
(40) ------------------------------ 23 January 1841, No
8.
(41) Correspondence of the Duty General of HIS
IMPERIAL MAJESTY'S Main
Headquarters to the Commissariat Department of the War Ministry, 2
April 1842, No 2712.
(42)
Archives of the Inspection Department of the War Ministry, papers for
1842, Sec. 2, 2nd Desk, No 365.
(43) Orders of the Minister of
War, 8 April 1843, NoNo
46 and 47.
(44) Order ---------------------- 8 April
1843, No44.
(45)
------------------------------ 10 May 1843, No
63.
(46) ------------------------------ 2 June 1843, No
78.
(47) From papers in the Commissariat Department of the War
Ministry.
(48) Order of the Minister of War, 2 January 1844, No
1.
(49) ----------------------------- 8 January 1844, No
3.
(50) ----------------------------- 9 May 1844, NoNo
63 and 64.
(51) ----------------------------- 20 May 1844,
No 69.
(52)
----------------------------- 7 December 1844, No
147.
(53) ----------------------------- 4 January 1845, No
1.
(54) ----------------------------- 3 March 1845, No
39.
(55) Correspondence of the Minister of War to HIS
IMPERIAL HIGHNESS, the
Commander-in-Chief of the Guards and Grenadier Corps, 31 March 1845,
No 3,339.
(56) Order of the
Minister of War, 8 March 1847, No
46.
(57) ----------------------------- 9 January 1848, No
8.
(58) Orders of the Minister of War, 8 August, 23 September, 31
October, 24 November 1848, NoNo 148, 163, 184, 197, and 25 November
1849, No 118.
(59) Order of
the Minister of War, 19 April 1849, No
31.
(60) ----------------------------- 14 September 1849,
No 88.
(61)
----------------------------- 9 and 25 November 1849, NoNo
110 and 117.
(62) ----------------------------- 25 November
1849, No 118.
(63)
----------------------------- 24 December 1849, No
133.
(64) ----------------------------- 17 January 1851, No
7.
(65) ----------------------------- 9 February 1851, No
14.
(66) ----------------------------- 13 December 1851, No
134.
(67) ----------------------------- 20 October 1851, No
120.
(68) ----------------------------- 26 January 1852, No
15.
(69) ----------------------------- 3 January 1853, No
3.
(70) ----------------------------- 18 February 1854, No
21.
(71) ----------------------------- 29 April 1854, No
53.
(72) ----------------------------- 23 May 1854, No
59.
(73) ----------------------------- 16 June 1854, No
65.
(74) ----------------------------- 13 February 1855, No
28.
(75) Collection of Laws and Directives, 1826, Book I, pg.
105.
(76) Ibid., Book II, pg. 47.
(77) Ibid., Book III, pg.
255.
(78) Ibid., 1827, Book I, pg. 3.
(79) Ibid., Book III,
pg. 89.
(80) Ibid., 1828, Book I, pg. 183.
(81) Ibid., pg.
211.
(82) Ibid., pp. 131 et seq.
(83) Ibid., 1829, Book II,
pg. 221, § 12.
(84) Ibid., Book III, pg. 129, and
information received from the Commissariat Department of the War
Ministry.
(85) Collection of Laws and Directives, 1829, Book IV,
pg. 115.
(86) HIGHEST Order.
(87)
Collection of Laws and Directives, 1830, Book III, pg. 179.
(88)
HIGHEST Order.
(89) Collection of Laws and
Directives, 1831, Book II, pg. 39.
(90) HIGHEST
Order.
(91) Collection of Laws and Directives, 1832, Book I, pg.
3.
(92) Ibid., Book II, pg. 545.
(93) Ibid., 1833, Book I,
pg. 419.
(94) Ibid., pg. 435.
(95) Ibid., pp. 66-117, and H
HIGHEST confirmed list of badges for distinction.
(96) Collection of Laws and Directives, 1833, Book I, pg. 463.
(97) Collection of Laws and Directives, pg. 465.
(98) Ibid.,
pg. 479.
(99) Papers of the Commissariat Department of the War
Ministry.
(100) Collection of Laws and Directives, 1833, Book
III, pg. 203.
(101) Ibid., 1834, Book I, pp. 102-108.
(102)
Ibid., Book III, pg. 465.
(103) Ibid., 1835, Book II, pp. 46 et
seq.
(104) Papers of the Commissariat Department of the War
Ministry.
(105) Collection of Laws and Directives, 1835, Book
III, pg. 179.
(106) Ibid., 1836, Book I, pg. 137.
(107)
Ibid., Book II, pg. 171.
(108) Ibid., pg. 209.
(109) Ibid.,
Book IV, pg. 157.
(110) Ibid., 1837, Book I, pg. 353.
(111)
Ibid., 1837, Book III, pg. 47.
(112) Ibid., Book IV, pg. 325.
(113) Ibid., 1838, Book I, pg. 19.
(114) Ibid., 1839, Book I,
pg. 3.
(115) Ibid., Book I, pg. 179.
(116) Ibid., Book III,
pg. 81.
(117) Order of the Minister of War, 16 October 1840, No
71.
(118) ------------------------------ 23 January 1841, No
8.
(119) Archives of the Inspection Department of the War
Ministry, papers for 1842, Sec. 2, 2nd Desk, No
365.
(120) Orders of the Minister of War, 8 April 1843, NoNo
44, 46, and 47.
(121) ------------------------------ 10 May 1843,
No 63.
(122)
------------------------------ 2 June 1843, No
78.
(123) ------------------------------ 2 January 1844, No
1.
(124) ------------------------------ 8 January 1844, No
3.
(125) ------------------------------ 9 May 1844, NoNo
63 and 64.
(126) ------------------------------ 20 May 1844, No
69.
(127) ------------------------------ 7 December 1844, No
147.
(128) ------------------------------ 4 January 1845, No
1.
(129) Correspondence of the Minister of War to His Imperial
Highness, the Commander-in-Chief of the Guards and Grenadier Corps,
31 March 1845, No 3339.
(130)
Order of the Minister of War, 16 December 1845, No
151.
(131) ------------------------------ 8 March 1847, No
46.
(132) ------------------------------ 9 January 1848, No
8.
(133) Orders of the Minister of War, 8 August, 23 September,
31 October, 24 November 1848: NoNo
148, 163, 184, 197, and 25 November 1848 [sic, should be 1849 -
M.C.], No 118.
(134) Order of the Minister of War, 19 April
1849, No 31.
(135)
------------------------------ 14 September 1849, No
88.
(136) Orders of the Minister of War, 9 and 25 November 1849,
NoNo
110 and 117.
(137) Order of the Minister of War, 25 November
1849, No 118.
(138)
------------------------------ 24 December 1849, No
133.
(139) ------------------------------ 17 January 1851, No
7.
(140) ------------------------------ 13 December 1851, No
134.
(141) ------------------------------ 20 October 1851, No
120.
(142) ------------------------------ 26 January 1852, No
15.
(143) ------------------------------ 28 August, 1852, No
96.
(144) ------------------------------ 3 January 1853, No
3.
(145) ------------------------------ 18 February 1854, No
21.
(146) ------------------------------ 29 April 1854, No
53.
(147) ------------------------------ 23 May 1854, No
59.
(148) ------------------------------ 16 June 1854, No
65.
(149) HIGHEST confirmed decree on the
formation of the Grenadier Rifle Battalion, 7 January 1834, §§
16 and 17.
(150) Archives of the Department of Military
Settlements, papers of the 2nd Desk of the section for
Military-Educational Activities, No
10,451, pg. 25.
(151) Ibid., pg. 58.
(152) Collection of Laws
and Directives relating to Military Administration, 1834, Book III,
pg. 465.
(153) Ibid., 1835, Book III, pg. 179.
(154) Ibid.,
1836, Book I, pg. 137.
(155) Ibid., Book II, pg. 171.
(156)
Ibid., pg. 209.
(157) Ibid., 1837, Book I, pg. 353.
(158)
Regulation on joining the Grenadier Rifle Battalion to the Separate
Grenadier Corps and on the formation of a Rifle Battalion for the 1st
Infantry Corps, 10 July 1837.
(159) Collection of Laws and
Directives, 1837, Book III, pg. 47.
(160) Ibid., Book IV, pg.
325.
(161) Ibid., 1839, Book I, pg. 3.
(162) Ibid., Book I,
pg. 179.
(163) Report of the Minister of War, 26 July 1840, No
3,619.
(164) Information received from the Commissariat
Department of the War Ministry.
(165) Order of the Minister of
War, 16 October 1840, No 71.
(166) ------------------------------ 23 January 1841, No
8.
(167) ------------------------------ 8 April 1843, NoNo
46 and 47.
(168) ------------------------------ 10 May 1843, No
63.
(169) ------------------------------ 2 June 1843, No
78.
(170) Information received from the Commissariat Department
of the War Ministry.
(171) Order of the Minister of War, 18
August 1843, No 106.
(172)
------------------------------ 2 January 1844, No
1.
(173) ------------------------------ 9 May 1844, NoNo
63 and 64.
(174) ------------------------------ 20 May 1844, No
69.
(175) ------------------------------ 18 July 1845, No
92.
(176) ------------------------------ 9 August 1845, No
191.
(177) ------------------------------ 21 March 1846, No
54.
(178) ------------------------------ 2 March 1848, No
41.
(179) Orders of the Minister of War, 8 August, 23 September,
31 October, 24 November 1848: NoNo
148, 163, 184, 197, and 25 November 1849, No
118.
(180) Order of the Minister of War, 19 April 1849, No 31.
(181) Orders of the Minister of War, 9 and 25 November 1849, NoNo
110 and 117.
(182) ------------------------------ 24 December
1849, No 133.
(183) Order
of the Minister of War, 17 January 1851, No
7.
(184) ------------------------------ 21 March 1851, No
30.
(185) ------------------------------ 13 December 1851, No
134.
(186) ------------------------------ 20 October 1851, No
120.
(187) ------------------------------ 26 January 1852, No 15.
(188) ------------------------------ 3 January 1853, No 3.
(189)
------------------------------ 18 February 1854, No 21.
(190)
------------------------------ 29 April 1854, No 53.
(191)
------------------------------ 31 July 1854, No 78.
(192)
------------------------------ 22 November 1854, No 131.
(193)
------------------------------ 13 February 1854, No 28.
(194)
Collection of Laws and Directives relating to Military
administration, 1826, Book I, pp. 188-210.
(195) Collection of
Laws and Directives, Book II, pg. 75.
(196) Ibid., Book III, pg.
255.
(197) Ibid., 1827, Book I, pg. 3.
(198) Information
received from the Commissariat Department of the War Ministry.
(199)
Collection of Laws and Directives, 1827, Book IV, pg. 257.
(200)
Ibid., 1828, Book I, pg. 183.
(201) Ibid., pg. 211.
(202)
Ibid., pg. 121.
(203) Ibid., Book II, pg. 131.
(204) Ibid.,
1829, Book IV, pg. 107.
(205) Ibid., pg. 107, and information
received from the Commissariat Department of the War Ministry.
(206)
Collection of Laws and Directives, 1830, Book III, pg. 217.
(207)
HIGHEST Order.
(208) Collection of Laws and
Directives, 1831, Book IV, pg. 119, and information received from the
Commissariat Department of the War Ministry.
(209) Collection of
Laws and Directives, 1832, Book I, pg. 3.
(210) Ibid., Book II,
pg. 545.
(211) Ibid., 1833, Book I, pg. 465.
(212) Ibid., pp.
284-287 and 292-295.
(213) Ibid., 1834, Book I, pg. 209, and
patterns preserved at the Commissariat Department of the War
Ministry.
(214) Collection of Laws and Directives, 1834, Book II,
pg. 237.
(215) Ibid., pg. 239.
(216) Ibid., pg. 245.
(217)
Ibid., Book III, pg. 433.
(218) Information received from the
Commissariat Department of the War Ministry.
(219) Collection of
Laws and Directives, 1834, Book IV, pg. 141.
(220) Ibid., pg.
273.
(221) Ibid., 1835, Book I, pg. 365.
(222) Ibid., pg.
367.
(223) Ibid., Book II, pp. 79-84.
(224) Ibid., Book III,
pg. 175.
(225) Ibid., 1836, Book I, pg. 137.
(226) Ibid.,
Book II, pg. 209.
(227) Ibid., Book IV, pg. 153.
(228) Ibid.,
1837, Book I, pg. 55.
(229) Ibid., Book III, pg. 47.
(230)
Ibid., Book IV, pg. 325.
(231) Collection of Laws and Directives,
1838, Book I, pp. 311-315.
(232) Ibid., pg. 329.
(233) Ibid.,
pg. 59.
(234) Ibid., Book II, pg. 25.
(235) Ibid., Book IV,
pg. 147, and Book I, pg. 339.
(236) Ibid., 1839, Book I, pg. 3.
(237) Order of the Minister of War, 16 October 1840, No
71.
(238) ------------------------------ 23 January 1841, No
8.
(239) ------------------------------ 31 January 1843, No
16.
(240) ------------------------------ 8 April 1843, No
47.
(241) ------------------------------ 10 May 1843, NoNo
63 and 64.
(242) ------------------------------ 2 January 1844,
No 1.
(243)
------------------------------ 2 February 1844, No
11.
(244) ------------------------------ 19 February 1844, No
16.
(245) ------------------------------ 20 May 1844, No
69, pp. 6 and 7.
(246) ------------------------------ 21
September 1844, No 115.
(247)
------------------------------ 27 January 1845, No
17.
(248) ------------------------------ 15 November 1845, No
139.
(249) ------------------------------ 19 November 1845, No
140.
(250) ------------------------------ 2 February 1846, No
27.
(251) Correspondence of the Artillery Department of the War
Ministry, 13 April 1855, No
8347, and HIGHEST confirmed drawings of
cuirasses, 17 May 1852.
(252) Order of the Minister of War, 13
September 1846, No 160.
(253)
Report of the Director of the War Ministry to HIS
IMPERIAL HIGHNESS, the
Commander-in-Chief of the Guards and Grenadier Corps, 7 July 1847, No
6147.
(254) Order of the Minister of War, 9 January 1848, No
8.
(255) ------------------------------ 19 January 1848, No
17.
(256) ------------------------------ 25 April 1848, No
80.
(257) ------------------------------ 31 March 1849, No
29.
(258) ------------------------------ 24 December 1849, No
133.
(259) ------------------------------ 30 March 1851, No
36.
(260) ------------------------------ 15 April 1851, No
48.
(261) ------------------------------ 25 June 1851, No
77.
(262) ------------------------------ 3 January 1852, No
2.
(263) ------------------------------ 16 July 1852, No
81.
(264) ------------------------------ 29 September 1852, No
107.
(265) ------------------------------ 13 August 1853, No
61.
(266) ------------------------------ 15 November 1853, No
78, and in its supplements, pp. 3, 5, 11, and 13.
(267)
------------------------------ 29 April 1854, No
53.
END OF VOLUME TWENTY
[End of translation.]